{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:49:48Z","timestamp":1777636188592,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper is a part of the application trend of the development of the grey systems theory. The purpose of this paper is to present the use of the GDM model in the diagnosis of the occurrence of crises in family businesses. The issue of the occurrence of conflicts and crises in family businesses is one of the most important and common in management science in Poland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the paper using the GDM model (in which the weights of the criteria were determined using the modified Thurstone method), the authors presented a way to diagnose the occurrence of crises in family businesses for a sample of Polish family businesses using, among others, a questionnaire-based survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>As a result of the conducted research, it turned out that in eight surveyed businesses no symptoms of conflicts were diagnosed. In three businesses, the symptoms of conflicts were diagnosed, but they did not threaten their existence. In the case of four businesses, the symptoms of crisis that threaten their existence were diagnosed and immediate remedial action was recommended to them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors are of the opinion that the presented research results may be a reason for the validity of using the GDM model in the diagnosis of crises in family businesses. At the same time, it is recommended to undertake further research on,<jats:italic>inter alia<\/jats:italic>, conflict fields in family businesses, or on the use of the modified Thurstone method as a part of determining the validity of decision-making criteria in GDM models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/gs-06-2018-0030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T03:36:17Z","timestamp":1537241777000},"page":"114-127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Application of the GDM model in the diagnosis of crises in family businesses"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ewa","family":"Wiecek-Janka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Borowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1108\/GS-01-2017-0002","article-title":"A grey-based decision-making approach to the supplier selection problem in a steelmaking company: a case study in Libya","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Grey Systems: Theory and Application"},{"key":"key2020092422014025200_ref002","volume-title":"Success and Survival in the Family Owned Business","year":"1982"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-5978(02)00037-7","article-title":"Sabotage in the workplace: the role of organizational injustice","volume":"89","year":"2002","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.2002.00045.x","article-title":"The F-PEC scale of family influence, a proposal for solving the family business definition problem","volume":"15","year":"2002","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref004","first-page":"105","article-title":"Transferring power in the family business","volume":"54","year":"1976","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"key2020092422014025200_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2016.11.022","article-title":"Evaluating barriers for reverse logistics implementation under a multiple stakeholders\u2019 perspective analysis using grey decision making approach","volume":"128","year":"2018","journal-title":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling"},{"key":"key2020092422014025200_ref039","volume-title":"Exploring a Classi\ufb01cation Scheme for Closely-Held Businesses: Getting to Workable De\ufb01nitions of Family Firms","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1300\/J033v12n01_03","article-title":"Organizational justice in the sales force: a literature review with propositions","volume":"12","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref007","first-page":"359","article-title":"Creating wealth in family firms through managing resources: comments and extensions","volume":"7","year":"2003","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/104225879902300402","article-title":"Defining the family business by behavior","volume":"23","year":"1999","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.1994.00287.x","article-title":"Profiling preference for employment in family-owned firms","volume":"7","year":"1994","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.1994.00237.x","article-title":"Ownership structure, strategic posture, and firm growth, an empirical examination","volume":"7","year":"1994","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/104225879802200302","article-title":"The influence of family on the family business succession process: a multi-generational perspective","volume":"22","year":"1998","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.1991.00149.x","article-title":"Are family businesses really different? European experiences from STRATOS","volume":"4","year":"1991","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.1999.00171.x","article-title":"The re-emergence of family-based enterprises in East Central Europe: what can be learned from family business research in the western world?","volume":"12","year":"1999","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.1990.00225.x","article-title":"Financing family business: alternatives to selling out or going public","volume":"3","year":"1990","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.2006.00074.x","article-title":"Examining the \u2018family effect\u2019 on firm performance","volume":"19","year":"2006","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.2000.00201.x","article-title":"Financial management techniques in family businesess","volume":"13","year":"2000","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940410526127","article-title":"How can managers reduce employee intention to quit?","volume":"19","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"key":"key2020092422014025200_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.11.040","article-title":"Grey decision making as a tool for the classification of the sustainability level of remanufacturing companies","volume":"105","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"key2020092422014025200_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golinska-Dawson, P., Kosacka, M., Mierzwiak, R. and Werner-Lewandowska, K. (2018), \u201cThe mixed method for sustainability assessment of remanufacturing process using grey decision making\u201d, in Golinska-Dawson, P. and Kubler, F. (Eds), Sustainability in Remanufacturing Operations, Springer, Cham, pp. 125-139.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60355-1_9"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref019","first-page":"55","article-title":"Organizational justice as a determinant of organizational commitment and intention to leave","volume":"7","year":"2002","journal-title":"Asian Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"key2020092422014025200_ref020","volume-title":"Wyk\u0142ady etyki (EthicsLectures)","year":"1989"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/104225870002500202","article-title":"Founder centrality and strategic behavior in the family-owned firm","volume":"25","year":"2000","journal-title":"Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref022","first-page":"769","article-title":"Family businesses in Germany, significance and structure","volume":"13","year":"2000","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"key":"key2020092422014025200_ref023","volume-title":"Family Business is a Brand, A Report on the Studies Made Within the Project Statistic for Family Business","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1108\/GS-02-2016-0005","article-title":"Applying grey system theory to evaluate the relationship between industrial characteristics and innovation capabilities within Chinese high-tech industries","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Grey Systems: Theory and Application"},{"key":"key2020092422014025200_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.04.151","article-title":"Identification of critical success factors for sustainable development of biofuel industry in China based on grey decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL)","volume":"131","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.2000.00041.x","article-title":"The early entrepreneurial stage in finnish family and nonfamily firms","volume":"13","year":"2000","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref027","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Multi-attribute intelligent grey target decision model","volume":"25","year":"2010","journal-title":"Control and Decision"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref028","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advances in grey systems research","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Grey Systems"},{"key":"key2020092422014025200_ref029","volume-title":"Grey Data Analysis. Method, Models and Applications","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1108\/GS-09-2015-0050","article-title":"An uncertain pure linguistic approach on evaluation of enterprise integrity based on grey information","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Grey Systems: Theory and Application"},{"key":"key2020092422014025200_ref031","volume-title":"Poj\u0119cie systemu i rygory jego stosowania. Szko\u0142a Podstaw In\u017cynierii System\u00f3w. Cz. 2. Elementywiedzypodstawowej (The Concept of the System and the Rigors of its Application. Elements of Basic Knowledge)","year":"1976"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1108\/GS-12-2017-0041","article-title":"New axiomatic approach to the concept of grey information","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Grey Systems: Theory and Application"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1108\/GS-07-2017-0021","article-title":"The multiple attribute decision model of grey targets based on grey potential degree","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Grey Systems-Theory and Application"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6248.2001.00353.x","article-title":"Family firms, plural forms of governance, and the evolving role of trust","volume":"14","year":"2001","journal-title":"Family Business Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref035","article-title":"A decision-making method with grey multi-source heterogeneous data and its application in green supplier selection","volume":"15","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"key2020092422014025200_ref036","volume-title":"Keeping the Family Business Healthy","year":"1987"},{"key":"key2020092422014025200_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.002","article-title":"Identifying and analyzing barriers to offshore wind power development in China using the grey decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory approach","volume":"189","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020092422014025200_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6911(82)80025-X","article-title":"Control problems of grey systems","volume":"1","year":"1982","journal-title":"Systems and Control Letters"}],"container-title":["Grey Systems: Theory and Application"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/GS-06-2018-0030\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/GS-06-2018-0030\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:45:53Z","timestamp":1753404353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/gs\/article\/9\/1\/114-127\/94793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/GS-06-2018-0030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/gs-06-2018-0030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2043-9377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2043-9377","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]}}}