{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T16:11:46Z","timestamp":1773763906343,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>In order to overcome the uncertainty and improve the accuracy of spectral estimation, this paper aims to establish a grey fuzzy prediction model of soil organic matter content by using grey theory and fuzzy theory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the data of 121 soil samples from Zhangqiu district and Jiyang district of Jinan City, Shandong Province, firstly, the soil spectral data are transformed by spectral transformation methods, and the spectral estimation factors are selected according to the principle of maximum correlation. Then, the generalized greyness of interval grey number is used to modify the estimation factors of modeling samples and test samples to improve the correlation. Finally, the hyper-spectral prediction model of soil organic matter is established by using the fuzzy recognition theory, and the model is optimized by adjusting the fuzzy classification number, and the estimation accuracy of the model is evaluated using the mean relative error and the determination coefficient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that the generalized greyness of interval grey number can effectively improve the correlation between soil organic matter content and estimation factors, and the accuracy of the proposed model and test samples are significantly improved, where the determination coefficient <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.9213 and the mean relative error (MRE)\u00a0=\u00a06.3630% of 20 test samples. The research shows that the grey fuzzy prediction model proposed in this paper is feasible and effective, and provides a new way for hyper-spectral estimation of soil organic matter content.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The research shows that the grey fuzzy prediction model proposed in this paper can not only effectively deal with the three types of uncertainties in spectral estimation, but also realize the correction of estimation factors, which is helpful to improve the accuracy of modeling estimation. The research result enriches the theory and method of soil spectral estimation, and it also provides a new idea to deal with the three kinds of uncertainty in the prediction problem by using the three kinds of uncertainty theory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper succeeds in realizing both the grey fuzzy prediction model for hyper-spectral estimating soil organic matter content and effectively dealing with the randomness, fuzziness and grey uncertainty in spectral estimation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/gs-08-2022-0089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T06:40:00Z","timestamp":1673851200000},"page":"357-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Grey fuzzy prediction model of soil organic matter content using hyper-spectral data"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6878-6212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jintao","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8197-2578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xican","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fajun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1108\/GS-08-2020-0099","article-title":"Hyper-spectral estimation of soil organic matter content based on grey relational local regression model","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Grey System Theory and Application"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref002","first-page":"20","article-title":"Grey relational local regression estimation model of soil water content based on hyper-spectral data","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Grey System"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref003","first-page":"132","article-title":"Hyper-spectral inversion of soil organic matter content based on continuous wavelet transform","volume":"23","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref004","first-page":"44","article-title":"Studying the relationship between water-induced soil erosion and soil organic matter using Vis-NIR spectroscopy and geomorphological analysis: a case study in Southern Italy","volume":"110","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"key2023031413091196600_ref005","volume-title":"Grey Systems (Social & Economic)","year":"1985"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref006","first-page":"85","article-title":"Hyper-Spectral estimation of soil organic matter content using greyness of grey number","volume":"53","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Shandong Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition)"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010072","article-title":"Evaluation of backscattering models and support vector machine for the retrieval of bare soil moisture from sentinel-1 Data","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref008","first-page":"331","article-title":"Soil organic matter content in dryland farmland in Northeast China with hyper-spectral reflectance Based on CWT - sCARS","volume":"53","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref009","first-page":"1905","article-title":"Hyper-spectral estimation model of soil organic matter content using generative adversarial networks","volume":"41","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref010","first-page":"250","article-title":"Remote estimation of soil organic matter content in the Sanjiang Plain, Northest China: the optimal band algorithm versus the GRA-ANN model","volume":"218","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology"},{"key":"key2023031413091196600_ref011","volume-title":"Fuzzy Mathematics Method and its Application","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1108\/GS-06-2021-0089","article-title":"Analysis on the related factors of China's technological innovation ability using greyness relational degree","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Grey System Theory and Application"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref013","first-page":"429","article-title":"Grey relational estimating of soil water content based on grey information and hyper-spectral data","volume":"53","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Shandong Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition)"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref014","first-page":"27","article-title":"Grey relation estimating pattern of soil organic matter with residual modification based on hyper-spectral data","volume":"28","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Grey System"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1108\/20439371111181260","article-title":"The soil organic matter content grey relationship inversion pattern based on hyper-spectral technique","volume":"1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Grey System: Theory and Application"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref016","first-page":"25","article-title":"High spectral retrieved deduction of soil quality index based on fuzzy sets analysis","volume":"24","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geography and Geo-Information Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hyper-spectral analysis of soil organic matter in coal mining regions using wavelets, correlations, and partial least squares regression","volume":"188","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1108\/GS-05-2018-0027","article-title":"Soil PH value grey relation estimation model based on hyper-spectral","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Grey System: Theory and Application"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref019","first-page":"51","article-title":"The modified model of soil organic matter grey relation estimating pattern based on hyper-spectral data","volume":"31","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Grey System"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref020","first-page":"510","article-title":"Estimating the soil clay content and organic matter by means of different calibration methods of vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"155","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil and Tillage Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref021","first-page":"22","article-title":"Hyper-Spectral estimation model of soil organic matter based on generalized greyness of grey number","volume":"34","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Grey System"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref022","first-page":"558","article-title":"Estimation of SOM content in reclaimed cropland based on hyper-spectra","volume":"50","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soils"},{"issue":"20","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203451","article-title":"Mapping soil organic carbon for airborne and simulated EnMAP imagery using the LUCAS soil database and a local PLSR","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102777","article-title":"Hyper-spectral inversion of soil organic matter content based on a combined spectral index model","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref025","first-page":"81","article-title":"Hyper-spectral estimation model of soil moisture content based on variable fuzzy sets","volume":"43","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science of Surveying and Mapping"},{"issue":"13","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref026","first-page":"95","article-title":"Wavelength variable selection methods for estimation of soil organic matter content using hyper-spectral technique","volume":"32","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref027","first-page":"1278","article-title":"Hyper-spectral estimation of soil organic matter content based on continuous wavelet transformation","volume":"42","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref028","first-page":"101","article-title":"Weakly-coupled geo-statistical mapping of soil salinity to stepwise multiple linear regression of MODIS spectral image products","volume":"152","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of African Earth Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref029","first-page":"1514","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of soil organic matter content using three-dimensional spectral index: a Case Study of the Ebinur Lake Basin in Xinjiang","volume":"40","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref030","first-page":"3217","article-title":"Determination of soil organic matter content based on hyper-spectral wavelet energy features","volume":"39","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref031","first-page":"42","article-title":"Modeling for soil organic matter content based on hyper-spectral feature indices","volume":"58","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pedologica Sinica"},{"key":"key2023031413091196600_ref032","volume-title":"Study on Positive and Opposite Degree of Grey Incidence Indirect Estimation Model of Soil Organic Matter Based on Hyper-Spectral Abstract","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref033","first-page":"74","article-title":"Hyper-spectral indirect estimation model of soil organic matter content in plough layer","volume":"36","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref034","first-page":"39","article-title":"Positive and inverse degree of grey incidence estimation model of soil organic matter based on hyper-spectral data","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Grey System"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref035","first-page":"421","article-title":"Indirect estimation of organic matter content in plough layer based on topsoil spectrum","volume":"47","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Anhui Agricultural University"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref036","first-page":"313","article-title":"Inversion of soil organic matter content in oasis typical of arid area and its influencing factors","volume":"55","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Pedologica Sinica"},{"issue":"22","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref037","first-page":"99","article-title":"Hyper-spectral features and wavelength variables selection methods of soil organic matter","volume":"2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientia Agricultura Sinica"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2023031413091196600_ref038","first-page":"146","article-title":"Hyper-spectral estimation of soil organic matter based on particle swarm optimization neural network","volume":"44","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of Surveying and Mapping"}],"container-title":["Grey Systems: Theory and Application"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/GS-08-2022-0089\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/GS-08-2022-0089\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:46:07Z","timestamp":1753404367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/gs\/article\/13\/2\/357-380\/99566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/GS-08-2022-0089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/gs-08-2022-0089","relation":{},"ISSN":["2043-9377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2043-9377","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}}}