{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:33:13Z","timestamp":1768995193632,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Classical data envelopment analysis (DEA) models are traditionally employed for evaluating units with deterministic input and output data. However, in some cases, value of inputs or outputs may be non-deterministic, requiring the definition of a range of values. In such cases, the concept of grey numbers can be applied within the DEA framework to evaluate the efficiency of decision-making units. This paper aims to propose a grey DEA method with three-parameter interval grey numbers to evaluate DMUs efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this paper, the proposed approach utilizes three-parameter interval grey numbers for both inputs and outputs within the classic DEA model. According to the division of three-parameter interval grey numbers, a grey programming of DEA model proposes five cases. This approach enables the computation of the efficiency scores of DMUs as grey intervals characterized by three parameters.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, an illustrative example is offered, examining the impact of the drug Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) on stroke patients at the time of hospital discharge.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The proposed grey DEA method with three-parameter interval grey numbers offers improved reliability for decision-makers in non-deterministic environments.<\/jats:p>\n               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