{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:39:27Z","timestamp":1784731167773,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The purpose of this paper is to summarize the progress in grey system research during 2000-2015, so as to present some important new concepts, models, methods and a new framework of grey system theory. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The new thinking, new models and new methods of grey system theory and their applications are presented in this paper. It includes algorithm rules of grey numbers based on the \u201ckernel\u201d and the degree of greyness of grey numbers, the concept of general grey numbers, the synthesis axiom of degree of greyness of grey numbers and their operations; the general form of buffer operators of grey sequence operators; the four basic models of grey model GM(1,1), such as even GM, original difference GM, even difference GM, discrete GM and the suitable sequence type of each basic model, and suitable range of most used grey forecasting models; the similarity degree of grey incidences, the closeness degree of grey incidences and the three-dimensional absolute degree of grey incidence of grey incidence analysis models; the grey cluster model based on center-point and end-point mixed triangular whitenization functions; the multi-attribute intelligent grey target decision model, the two stages decision model with grey synthetic measure of grey decision models; grey game models, grey input-output models of grey combined models; and the problems of robust stability for grey stochastic time-delay systems of neutral type, distributed-delay type and neutral distributed-delay type of grey control, etc. And the new framework of grey system theory is given as well. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The problems which remain for further studying are discussed at the end of each section. The reader could know the general picture of research and developing trend of grey system theory from this paper. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 A lot of successful practical applications of the new models to solve various problems have been found in many different areas of natural science, social science and engineering, including spaceflight, civil aviation, information, metallurgy, machinery, petroleum, chemical industry, electrical power, electronics, light industries, energy resources, transportation, medicine, health, agriculture, forestry, geography, hydrology, seismology, meteorology, environment protection, architecture, behavioral science, management science, law, education, military science, etc. These practical applications have brought forward definite and noticeable social and economic benefits. It demonstrates a wide range of applicability of grey system theory, especially in the situation where the available information is incomplete and the collected data are inaccurate. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The reader is given a general picture of grey systems theory as a new model system and a new framework for studying problems where partial information is known; especially for uncertain systems with few data points and poor information. The problems remaining for further studying are identified at the end of each section.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/gs-09-2015-0054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,9]],"date-time":"2016-05-09T06:43:08Z","timestamp":1462776188000},"page":"2-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["New progress of Grey System Theory in the new millennium"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sifeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naiming","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Forrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amanna, A.\n , \n Price, M.J.\n and \n Thamvichai, R.\n (2011), \u201cGrey systems theory applications to wireless communications\u201d, \n Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing\n , Vol. 69 Nos 2-3, pp. 259-269.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-011-9719-1"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b2","unstructured":"Andrew, A.M.\n (2011), \u201cWhy the world is grey, Grey Systems: theory and application\u201d, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 112-116."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b4","unstructured":"Aydemir, E.\n , \n Bedir, F.\n and \n Ozdemir, G.\n (2015), \u201cDegree of greyness approach for an EPQ model with imperfect items in copper wire industry\u201d, \n The Journal of Grey System\n , Vol. 27 No. 2, pp. 13-26."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahrami, S.\n , \n Hooshmand, R.A.\n and \n Parastegari, M.\n (2014), \u201cShort term electric load forecasting by wavelet transform and grey model improved by PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm\u201d, \n Energy\n , Vol. 72, pp. 434-442.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.05.065"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b6","unstructured":"Bo, X.\n , \n Wei, I.\n , \n Qian, Y.\n and \n Li, J.\n (2012), \u201cStudy on ground settlement of high-speed rail at the transition section between bridge and plain track and predicating method\u201d, \n Railway Construction Technology\n , No. 8, pp. 88-93."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmona Benitez, R.B.\n , \n Carmona Paredes, R.B.\n , \n Lodewijks, G.\n and \n Nabais, J.L.\n (2013), \u201cDamp trend grey model forecasting method for airline industry\u201d, \n Expert Systems with Applications\n , Vol. 40 No. 12, pp. 4915-4921.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.02.014"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cempel, C.\n (2008), \u201cDecomposition of the symptom observation matrix andgrey forecasting in vibration condition monitoring of machines\u201d, \n International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science\n , Vol. 18 No. 4, pp. 569-579.","DOI":"10.2478\/v10006-008-0050-7"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b9","unstructured":"Chen, H.W.\n and \n Chang, N.B.\n (2000), \u201cPrediction analysis of solid waste generation based on grey fuzzy dynamic modelling\u201d, \n Resources Conservation and Recycling\n , Vol. 29 Nos 1-2, pp. 1-18."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b10","unstructured":"Chen, J.\n , \n Zhao, S.\n and \n Yang, L.\n (2012), \u201cOn multi-agents decision and simulation of catastrophe insurance based on grey game model\u201d, \n Soft Science\n , Vol. 26 No. 7, pp. 131-136."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b11","unstructured":"Chen, L.\n , \n Qin, Y.\n and \n Deng, R.\n (2011), \u201cComparative analysis of the two common methods for skylight measurementbased on the ASD spectroradiometer\u201d, \n Tropical Geography\n , Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 182-186."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b12","unstructured":"Chen, X.\n , \n Xia, J.\n and \n Xu, Q.\n (2009), \u201cSelf-memory prediction mode with grey differential model\u201d, \n China Science E: Technological Science\n , Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 341-350."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b13","unstructured":"Cheng, Z.\n , \n Ding, S.\n and \n Wang, B.\n (2014), \u201cStudy on customization model of aircraft based on grey incidence analysis\u201d, \n Traffic Information and Safety\n , Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 131-136."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chirwa, E.C.\n and \n Mao, M.\n (2006), \u201cApplication of grey model GM(1,1) to vehicle fatality risk estimation\u201d, \n Technological Forecasting and Social Change\n , Vol. 73 No. 5, pp. 588-605.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2004.08.004"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou, J.H.\n , \n Chen, S.H.\n and \n Li, J.J.\n (2000), \u201cApplication of the Taguchi-genetic method to design an optimal grey-fuzzy controller of a constant turning force system\u201d, \n Journal of Materials Processing Technology\n , Vol. 105 No. 3, pp. 333-343.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(00)00651-8"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b16","unstructured":"Cui, J.\n and \n Dang, Y.G.\n (2009), \u201cStudy on prediction accuracy of GM(1,1) based on a kind novel strengthening buffer operator\u201d, \n Control and Decision\n , Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 44-48."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b17","unstructured":"Cui, J.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n and \n Xie, N.M.\n (2012a), \u201cNovel grey decision making model and its numerical simulation\u201d, \n Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics\n , Vol. 29 No. 2, pp. 112-117."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b18","unstructured":"Cui, J.\n , \n Xin, Y.\n and \n Liu, X.\n (2012b), \u201cResearch on surface to air missile type selection based on multi-criteria gray decision-making\u201d, \n Tactical Missile Technology\n , Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 7-10."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b19","unstructured":"Cui, L.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n and \n Zhengpeng, Wu\n (2010), \u201cOn the construction of a new strengthening buffer operator and its application\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 484-489."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b20","unstructured":"Dai, W.\n and \n Su, Y.\n (2012), \u201cOn the construction of a strengthening buffer operator of new information priorityand its application\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 38 No. 8, pp. 1329-1334."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang, Y.\n and \n Liu, S.\n (2004), \u201cThe GM models that x(n) be taken as initial value\u201d, \n Kybernetes: The International Journal of Systems & Cybernetics\n , Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 247-254.","DOI":"10.1108\/03684920410514175"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b22","unstructured":"Dang, Y.G.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n , \n Liu, B.\n and \n Tang, X.W.\n (2004), \u201cResearch on weakening buffer operator\u201d, \n Chinese Journal of Management Science\n , Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 108-111."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b23","unstructured":"Delcea, C.\n , \n Ioana, B.\n and \n Scarlat, E.\n (2013), \u201cA computational grey based model for companies risk forecasting\u201d, \n The Journal of Grey System\n , Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 70-83."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delcea, C.\n , \n Scarlat, E.\n and \n Maracine, V.\n (2012), \u201cGrey relational analysis between firm\u2019s current situation and its possible causes: a bankruptcy syndrome approach\u201d, \n Grey Systems: Theory and Application\n , Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 229-239.","DOI":"10.1108\/20439371211260199"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b25","unstructured":"Deng, J.\n (1982), \u201cGrey control system\u201d, \n The Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology\n , Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 9-18."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b26","unstructured":"Deng, J.\n (1990), \n A Course on Grey System Theory\n , Publisher of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b27","unstructured":"Deng, J.\n (2002), \n Grey Forecasting and Grey Decision\n , Publisher of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, J.L.\n (1982), \u201cControl problems of grey systems\u201d, \n Systems & Control Letters\n , Vol. 1 No. 5, pp. 288-294.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6911(82)80025-X"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ejnioui, A.\n , \n Otero, C.E.\n and \n Otero, L.D.\n (2013), \u201cPrioritisation of software requirements using grey relational analysis\u201d, \n International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology\n , Vol. 47 Nos 2-3, pp. 100-109.","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCAT.2013.054344"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, M.\n (2014), \u201cAn alternative approach to estimating the parameters of a generalised grey Verhulst model: an application to steel intensity of use in the UK\u201d, \n Expert Systems with Applications\n , Vol. 41 No. 4, pp. 1236-1244.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.08.006"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b31","unstructured":"Fang, X.\n , \n Chen, Y.\n and \n Li, S.\n (2012), \u201cApplication of multidimensional grey evaluation methods in coal and gas outburst prediction\u201d, \n Industrial Safety and Environmental Protection\n , Vol. 38 No. 12, pp. 81-83."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b32","unstructured":"Fang, Z.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n and \n Shi, H.\n (2010), \n Grey Game Theory and its Applications in Economic Decision-Making\n , Taylor \n\t\t\t\t\t&\n\t\t\t\t Francis Group, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Z.\n , \n Ruan, A.\n and \n Liu, S.F.\n (2006), \u201cStudy on venture problem of potential optimal pure strategy solution for interval number matrix game\u201d, \n Kybernetes\n , Vol. 35 No. 7, pp. 1273-1283.","DOI":"10.1108\/03684920610675256"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b34","unstructured":"Fang, Z.G.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n , \n Lu, F.\n and \n Wan, J.\n (2005), \u201cStudy on improvement of token and arithmetic of interval grey numbers and its GM(1,1) model\u201d, \n Engineering Science\n , Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 57-61."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b35","unstructured":"Fang, Z.-G.\n , \n Wang, C.-H.\n , \n Zhang, N.\n , \n Tao, L.Y.\n and \n Liu, S.F.\n (2014), \u201cAnalysis of functional game model based on grey information variable\u201d, \n Chinese Journal of Management Science\n , Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 112-118."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b36","unstructured":"Gao, F.\n , \n Zhang, Y.\n and \n Gao, P.\n (2012), \u201cResearch on speed controller model for high-speed train based on grey genetic algorithm\u201d, \n Computer Measurement & Control\n , Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 1272-1275."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b37","unstructured":"Gao, Y.\n , \n Zhou, D.\n , \n Liu, C.\n and \n Zhang, L.\n (2013), \u201cOn construction method and their internal connection of variable weight buffer operators\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 489-497."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golmohammadi, D.\n and \n Mellat-Parast, M.\n (2012), \u201cDeveloping a grey-based decision-making model for supplier selection\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Economics\n , Vol. 137 No. 2, pp. 191-200.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2012.01.025"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b39","unstructured":"Guan, Y.\n and \n Liu, S.F.\n (2008), \u201cOn matrix of linear buffer operator and its application\u201d, \n Journal of Applied Mathematics of Universities\n , Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 357-362."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, C.\n , \n Xu, X.\n and \n Gong, Z.\n (2014c), \u201cCo-integration analysis between GDP and meteorological catastrophic factors of Nanjing city based on the buffer operator\u201d, \n Natural Hazards\n , Vol. 71 No. 2, pp. 1025-1052.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-013-0669-z"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b41","unstructured":"Guo, H.\n , \n Xiao, X.\n and \n Forest, J.\n (2014a), \u201cProblem of grey bilevel multi-objective linear programming and its algorithm\u201d, \n Control and Decision\n , Vol. 29 No. 7, pp. 1193-1198."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b42","unstructured":"Guo, X.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n and \n Fang, Z.G.\n (2014b), \u201cSelf-memory prediction model of interval grey number based on grey degree of compound grey number\u201d, \n Systems Engineering and Electronics\n , Vol. 36 No. 6, pp. 1124-1129."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b43","unstructured":"Guo, X.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n and \n Wu, L.\n (2013), \u201cModeling and algorithm of prediction about pollutants\u2019 emission reduction bycombining gray theory and Markov chain\u201d, \n Research on Computer Application\n , Vol. 30 No. 12, pp. 3670-3673."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurden, S.P.\n , \n Westerhuis, J.A.\n , \n Bijlsma, S.\n and \n Smilde, A.K.\n (2001), \u201cModelling of spectroscopic batch process data using grey models to incorporate external information\u201d, \n Journal of Chemometrics\n , Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 101-121.","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-128X(200102)15:2<101::AID-CEM602>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b45","unstructured":"Haken, H.\n (2011), \u201cBook reviews: grey information: theory and practical applications\u201d, \n Grey Systems: Theory and Application\n , Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 105-106."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b46","unstructured":"Han, X.\n , \n Nan, H.\n , \n Chen, J.\n and \n Jiang, K.\n (2014), \u201cGrey cluster model used to evaluate the development scheme of warhead in antimissile missile of air defense\u201d, \n Journal of Air Force Engineering University\n , Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 29-33."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Y.\n , \n Cao, B.\n , \n Chen, X.\n and \n Sun, R.\n (2013), \u201cA piecewise Grey System model for study the effects of anthropogenic activities on karst hydrological processes\u201d, \n Water Resources Management\n , Vol. 27 No. 5, pp. 1207-1220.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-012-0231-x"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Y.\n , \n Zhao, J.\n , \n Li, H.\n and \n Cao, B.\n (2012), \u201cKarst hydrological processes and Grey System model\u201d, \n Journal of the American Water Resources Association\n , Vol. 48 No. 4, pp. 656-666.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2012.00640.x"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hipel, K.W.\n (2011), \u201cBook reviews: Grey Systems: theory and applications\u201d, \n Grey Systems: Theory and Application\n , Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 274-275.","DOI":"10.1108\/gs.2011.1.3.274.1"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, Y.T.\n and \n Yeh, J.\n (2000), \u201cA novel image compression using grey models on a dynamic window\u201d, \n International Journal of Systems Science\n , Vol. 31 No. 9, pp. 1125-1141.","DOI":"10.1080\/002077200418405"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, W.B.\n , \n Hua, B.\n and \n Yang, C.Z.\n (2002), \u201cBuilding thermal process analysis with Grey System method\u201d, \n Building and Environment\n , Vol. 37 No. 6, pp. 599-605.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1323(01)00062-2"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, X.-L.\n , \n Zheng-Peng, W.\n and \n Ran, H.\n (2013), \u201cAnalysis on the strengthening buffer operator based on the strictly monotone function\u201d, \n International Journal of Applied Physics and Mathematics\n , Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 132-136.","DOI":"10.7763\/IJAPM.2013.V3.191"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b53","unstructured":"Huang, S.\n (2006), \u201cEntropy model of gray systems and itsapplication in oil-bearing area evaluation\u201d, \n Journal of Geomechanics\n , Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 77-83."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S.J.\n and \n Huang, C.L.\n (2000), \u201cControl of an inverted pendulum using grey prediction model\u201d, \n IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications\n , Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 452-458.","DOI":"10.1109\/28.833761"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b55","unstructured":"Ji, P.R.\n , \n Huang, W.S.\n and \n HU, X.Y.\n (2001), \u201cA study on the properties of grey forecasting model\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 21 No. 9, pp. 105-108."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian, L.\n , \n Liu, S.-F.\n and \n Lin, Y.\n (2011), \n Hybrid Rough Sets and Applications in Uncertain Decision-Making\n , Taylor \n\t\t\t\t\t&\n\t\t\t\t Francis Group, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420087499"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b57","unstructured":"Jiang, W.\n (2012), \u201cAn intelligent diagnosis method based on grey rough set theory for wind turbine driving chain\u201d, \n Power System and Clean Energy\n , Vol. 28 No. 12, pp. 79-83."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kose, E.\n and \n Forrest, J.Y.-L.\n (2015), \u201cN-person grey game\u201d, \n Kybernetes\n , Vol. 44 No. 2, pp. 271-282.","DOI":"10.1108\/K-04-2014-0073"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b59","unstructured":"Kose, E.\n and \n Tasci, L.\n (2015), \u201cPrediction of the vertical displacement on the crest of Keban Dam\u201d, \n The Journal of Grey System\n , Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 12-20."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b60","unstructured":"Lai, Y.\n , \n Chen, X.\n , \n Qin, Q.\n , \n Li, J.\n and \n Liu, Y.X.\n (2004), \u201cCorrosion analysis and corrosion rates prediction of NiFe2O4 cermet inert anodes\u201d, \n Journal of Center South University\n , Vol. 35 No. 6, pp. 896-901."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W.M.\n and \n Liao, Y.S.\n (2003), \u201cSelf-tuning fuzzy control with a grey prediction for wire rupture prevention in WEDM\u201d, \n International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology\n , Vol. 22 Nos 7-8, pp. 481-490.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-002-1480-2"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C.\n , \n Chen, K.\n and \n Xiang, X.\n (2015a), \u201cAn integrated framework for effective safety management evaluation: application of an improved grey clustering measurement\u201d, \n Expert Systems with Applications\n , Vol. 42 No. 13, pp. 5541-5553.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2015.02.053"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G.D.\n , \n Masuda, S.\n and \n Nagai, M.\n (2015b), \u201cPredictor design using an improved grey model in control systems\u201d, \n International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing\n , Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 297-306.","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2014.880801"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P.\n , \n Yang, H.\n , \n Sun, L.\n and \n Deng, Z.\n (2011), \u201cApplication of gray prediction and time series model in spacecraft prognostic\u201d, \n Computer Measurement & Control\n , Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 111-113.","DOI":"10.1177\/002029401104400403"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q.-X.\n and \n Liu, S.-F.\n (2008), \u201cThe foundation of the grey matrix and the grey input-output analysis\u201d, \n Applied Mathematical Modelling\n , Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 267-291.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2006.12.002"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q.-X.\n , \n Liu, S.-F.\n and \n Lin, Yi.\n (2012b), \u201cGrey enterprise input-output analysis\u201d, \n Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics\n , Vol. 236 No. 7, pp. 1862-1875.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cam.2011.10.018"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b64","unstructured":"Li, T.\n , \n Ren, M.\n and \n Chen, H.\n (2010), \u201cFatigue crack growth rate calculation method baseing on gray theory\u201d, \n Journal of Mechanical Strength\n , Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 472-475."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b65","unstructured":"Li, X.\n , \n Dang, Y.\n and \n Wang, Z.\n (2012a), \u201cHarmonic buffer operators with variable weight and effect strength comparison\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 32 No. 11, pp. 2486-2492."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b70","unstructured":"Li, X.\n , \n Tan, S.\n and \n Tang, B.\n (2007), \u201cThe optimal collocation model of missile nuke based on the gray decision theory\u201d, \n Fire Control and Command Control\n , Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 42-47."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b71","unstructured":"Li, X.\n , \n Yuan, Z.\n , \n Zhang, G.\n and \n Cheng, S.H.\n (2014), \u201cSome properties of grey differential equation GM(1,1, \u03b2)\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 34 No. 5, pp. 1249-1255."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.C.\n , \n Zhang, F.\n , \n Yang, C.Z.\n and \n Bai, W.\n (2001), \u201cThe use of \u2018Grey System\u2019 analysis methodology for automated boiler water chemistry control in electric power plants\u201d, \n Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials\n , Vol. 48 No. 2, pp. 96-98.","DOI":"10.1108\/00035590110384074"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b73","unstructured":"Liang, B.\n , \n Dai, Y.\n , \n Chen, T.\n and \n Sun, W.J.\n (2014), \u201cGrey correlation optimization for shale gas exploration and development areas of complicated geological parameter features\u201d, \n Journal of China Coal Society\n , Vol. 39 No. 3, pp. 524-530."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, C.\n , \n Gu, D.\n and \n Bichindaritz, I.\n (2012), \u201cIntegrating gray system theory and logistic regression into case-based reasoning for safety assessment of thermal power plants\u201d, \n Expert Systems with Applications\n , Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 5154-5167.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.11.025"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, R.J.\n , \n Yang, J.P.\n , \n Grzybowski, S.\n , \n Wang, Y.Y.\n and \n Li, J.\n (2012), \u201cForecasting dissolved gases content in power transformer oil based on weakening buffer operator and least square support vector machine-Markov\u201d, \n IET Generation,Transmission & Distribution\n , Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 142-151.","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2011.0165"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liem, D.T.\n , \n Truong, D.Q.\n and \n Ahn, K.K.\n (2015), \u201cA torque estimator using online tuning grey fuzzy PID for applications to torque-sensorless control of DC motors\u201d, \n Mechatronics\n , Vol. 26, pp. 45-63.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2015.01.004"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.B.\n , \n Su, S.F.\n and \n Hsu, Y.T.\n (2001), \u201cHigh-precision forecast using grey models\u201d, \n International Journal of Systems Science\n , Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 609-619.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207720120323"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b78","unstructured":"Lin, J.\n , \n Ren, H.\n and \n Shen, Z.\n (2009), \u201cStudy on primary influence factors for application of Grey System theong to velocity of explosive forming prjectile\u201d, \n Journal of Projectiles, Rockets, Missiles and Guidance\n , Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 112-116."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b79","unstructured":"Lin, Y.\n , \n Wang, T.\n , \n Wang, L.\n and \n Chen, H.C.\n (2005), \u201cStability analysis of high excavated slope in Three Gorges Project\u201d, \n Journal of Tianjing University\n , Vol. 38 No. 10, pp. 936-940."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b80","unstructured":"Liu, B.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n , \n Zhai, Z.-J.\n and \n Dang, Y.G.\n (2003), \u201cOptimum time response sequence for GM(1,1)\u201d, \n Chinese Journal of Management Science\n , Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 54-57."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J.\n , \n Xiao, X.\n , \n Guo, J.\n and \n Mao, S.\n (2014a), \u201cError and its upper bound estimation between the solutions of GM(1,1) grey forecasting models\u201d, \n Applied Mathematics and Computation\n , Vol. 246, pp. 648-660.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2014.08.049"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b82","unstructured":"Liu, Q.\n , \n Zhong, Z.\n and \n Ai, Bo\n (2010a), \u201cResearch on frequency planning of GSM-R system based on grey cluster theory with rough set\u201d, \n Journal of the China Railway Society\n , Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 53-58."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b83","unstructured":"Liu, S.\n (1991), \u201cThe three axioms of buffer operator and their application\u201d, \n The Journal of Grey System\n , Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 39-48."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b84","unstructured":"Liu, S.\n and \n Lin, Yi.\n (2004), \u201cAn axiomatic definition of grey degree of grey numbers\u201d, \n Engineering Science\n , Vol. 6 No. 8, pp. 91-94."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b85","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n and \n Deng, J.L.\n (2000), \u201cThe range suitable for GM (1,1)\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 121-124."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b86","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n and \n Xie, N.M.\n (2010), \u201cOn new models of grey incidence analysis based on visual angle of similarity and nearness\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 30 No. 5, pp. 881-887."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b87","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n and \n Xie, N.M.\n (2011), \u201cA new grey evaluation method based on reformative triangular whitenization weight function\u201d, \n Journal of Systems Engineering\n , Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 244-250."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b88","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n and \n Yang, Y.\n (2015), \u201cA new decision-making model to solve the clustering dilemma\u201d, A keynote speech at Leverhulme Trust Workshop on Grey System, Nanjing, June 18-20."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b89","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n and \n Zhu, Y.\n (1993), \u201cStudy on triangular model and indexes in synthetic evaluation of regional economy\u201d, \n Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering\n , Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 8-131."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n , \n Dang, Y.G.\n and \n Lin, Y.\n (2004a), \u201cSynthetic utility index method and venturous capital decision-making\u201d, \n Kybernetes\n , Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 288-294.","DOI":"10.1108\/03684920410514238"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n , \n Fang, Z.\n and \n Yang, Y.\n (2015a), \u201cGrey cluster evaluation models based on mixed triangular whitenization weight functions\u201d, \n Grey Systems: Theory and Application\n , Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 410-418.","DOI":"10.1108\/GS-11-2014-0050"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b92","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n , \n Fang, Zs.\n and \n Yang, Y.\n (2014b), \u201cOn the two stages decision model with grey synthetic measure and a betterment of triangular whitenization weight function\u201d, \n Control and Decision\n , Vol. 29 No. 7, pp. 1232-1238."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b93","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n , \n Fang, Z.G.\n and \n Xie, N.M.\n (2010b), \u201cAlgorithm rules of interval grey numbers based on the \u2018kernel\u2019 and the degree of greyness of grey numbers\u201d, \n Systems Engineering and Electronics\n , Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 313-316."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b94","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n , \n Yuan, W.\n and \n Sheng, K.\n (2010c), \u201cMulti-attribute intelligent grey target decision model\u201d, \n Control and Decision\n , Vol. 25 No. 8, pp. 1159-1163."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b95","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n , \n Yang, Y.\n and \n Wu, L.\n (2014c), \n Grey System Theory and Its Application\n , 7th ed., Science Press, Beijing."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n , \n Fang, Z.G.\n , \n Yang, Y.J.\n and \n Forrest, J.\n (2012), \u201cGeneral grey numbers and its operations\u201d, \n Grey Systems: Theory and Application\n , Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 341-349.","DOI":"10.1108\/20439371211273230"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n , \n Yang, Y.\n , \n Cao, Y.\n and \n Xie, N.M.\n (2013a), \u201cA summary on the research of GRA models\u201d, \n Grey Systems: Theory and Application\n , Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 7-15.","DOI":"10.1108\/20439371311293651"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b98","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n , \n Zeng, B.\n , \n Liu, J.\n and \n Xie, N.M.\n (2014d), \u201cSeveral basic models of GM(1,1) and their applicable bound. Systems engineering and electronics\u201d, Vol. 36 No. 3, pp. 501-508."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b99","unstructured":"Liu, S.F.\n , \n Zhang, S.\n , \n Jian, L.\n and \n Yuan, W.F.\n (2015b), \u201cPerformance evaluation of large commercial aircraft vendors\u201d, \n The Journal of Grey System\n , Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 1-11."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b100","unstructured":"Liu, W.\n (2013), \u201cGeneralized incidence analysis model of interval grey number\u201d, \n Journal of Zhengzhou University\n , Vol. 45 No. 2, pp. 41-44, 89."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b101","unstructured":"Liu, Y.\n , \n Chen, X.\n , \n Zhang, G.\n , \n Li, J.\n and \n Zhou, Z.\n (2004b), \u201cApplication of mining algorithm based on gray association rule in aluminum electrolysis control\u201d, \n The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals\n , Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 494-498."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b102","unstructured":"Liu, Y.\n , \n Jian, L.\n , \n Forrest, J.\n and \n Liu, S.F.\n (2013b), \u201cProbabilistic decision method of hybrid grey cluster, variable precision rough sets and fuzzy set with application\u201d, \n Journal of Management Engineering\n , Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 110-115."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b103","unstructured":"Liu, Y.\n , \n Yang, T.\n , \n Li, R.\n and \n Wei, L.H.\n (2007), \u201cGrey correlation analysis and prediction model for formation reaction of high-temperature sulphur-fixing phase sulphocalciumaluminate\u201d, \n Thermal Power Generation\n , Vol. 6, pp. 37-40."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b104","unstructured":"Liu, Y.A.\n , \n Chen, S.\n , \n Zhang, M.\n and \n Ma, X.F.\n (2006), \u201cThe application in target tracking of buffer operator and data fusion technology\u201d, \n Journal of Applied Sciences\n , Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 154-158."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b105","unstructured":"Lu, X.\n and \n Wang, C.\n (2013), \u201cSimulation on ATO speed controller bansed on grey prediction control\u201d, \n City Track Traffic Development Research\n , Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 62-65."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b106","unstructured":"Luo, D.\n and \n Wang, J.\n (2012a), \n Theory and Methods of Grey Decision-making\n , Science Press, Beijing."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, D.\n and \n Wang, X.\n (2012b), \u201cThe multi-attribute grey target decision method for attribute value within three-parameter interval grey number\u201d, \n Applied Mathematical Modelling\n , Vol. 36 No. 5, pp. 1957-1963.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2011.07.074"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, R.C.\n and \n Chen, T.M.\n (2000), \u201cAutonomous mobile target tracking system based on grey-fuzzy control algorithm\u201d, \n IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics\n , Vol. 47 No. 4, pp. 920-931.","DOI":"10.1109\/41.857973"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, R.C.\n , \n Chen, T.M.\n and \n Su, K.L.\n (2001), \u201cTarget tracking using hierarchical grey-fuzzy motion decision-making method\u201d, \n IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part A-Systems and Humans\n , Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 179-186.","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.925657"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b110","unstructured":"Mao, S.H.\n , \n Gao, M.-Y.\n and \n Xiao, X.-P.\n (2015), \u201cFractional order accumulation time-lag GM(1,N,\u03c4) model and its application\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory & Practice\n , Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 430-436."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b111","unstructured":"Meng, X.\n , \n Wang, C.\n , \n He, F.\n , \n Zhang, A.J.\n and \n Bao, J.D.\n (2012), \u201cOn life prediction of gun tube based on combined model of grey linear regression\u201d, \n Journal of Nanjing University of Science and Technology\n , Vol. 36 No. 4, pp. 635-638."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b112","unstructured":"Mi, G.\n , \n Yang, R.\n and \n Li, L.\n (2014), \u201cResearch on the method of diagnosis of complex fault in track circuit based on combined model\u201d, \n Journal of the China Railway Society\n , Vol. 36 No. 10, pp. 65-69."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olson, D.L.\n and \n Wu, D.\n (2006), \u201cSimulation of fuzzy multiattribute models for grey relationships\u201d, \n European Journal of Operational Research\n , Vol. 175 No. 1, pp. 111-120.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.05.002"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b114","unstructured":"Olson, D.L.\n , \n Zhang, J.\n and \n Wu, D.\n (2005), \u201cThe method of grey related analysis to multiple attribute decision making problems with interval numbers\u201d, \n Mathematical and Computer Modelling\n , Vol. 42 No. 9-10, pp. 991-998."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b115","unstructured":"Ossowski, M.\n and \n Korzybski, M.\n (2013), \u201cData mining based algorithm for analog circuits fault diagnosis\u201d, \n Przeglad Elektrotechniczny\n , Vol. 89 No. 2a, pp. 285-287."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oztaysi, B.\n (2014), \u201cA decision model for information technology selection using AHP integrated TOPSIS-Grey: the case of content management systems\u201d, \n Knowledge-Based Systems\n , Vol. 70 No. SI, pp. 44-54.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2014.02.010"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b117","unstructured":"Peng, F.\n , \n Wu, G.\n and \n Min, F.\n (2005), \u201cGrey programming cluster and application in evaluation of oil and gas cap layer\u201d, \n Journal of Hunan University of Science and Technology\n , Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 5-10."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b118","unstructured":"Qian, W.\n , \n Dang, Y.\n and \n Liu, S.F.\n (2012), \u201cGrey GM(1,1, t) model with time power and application\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 32 No. 10, pp. 2247-2252."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b119","unstructured":"Qiao, G.\n , \n Zhang, W.\n and \n Xue, S.\n (2009), \u201cSpeed control based on fuzzy PID control with grey prediction in the deep sea stepping system\u201d, \n Journal of China Coal Society\n , Vol. 34 No. 11, pp. 1550-1553."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajesh, R.\n and \n Ravi, V.\n (2015), \u201cSupplier selection in resilient supply chains: a grey relational analysis approach\u201d, \n Journal of Cleaner Production\n , Vol. 86, pp. 343-359.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.08.054"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b121","unstructured":"Ronghuan, C.\n , \n Song, Z.\n and \n Kang, L.\n (2005), \u201cApplication of Grey System to reservoir evaluation in the seven district of Xinjiang Karamay Oilfield\u201d, \n Inner Mongolia Petroleum Chemical Industry\n , Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 110-113."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samet, H.\n and \n Mojallal, A.\n , \u201cEnhancement of electric arc furnace reactive power compensation using Grey-Markov prediction method\u201d, \n IET Generation Transmission & Distribution\n , Vol. 8 No. 9, pp. 1626-1636.","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2013.0698"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scarlat, E.\n and \n Delcea, C.\n (2011), \u201cComplete analysis of bankruptcy syndrome using Grey Systems theory\u201d, \n Grey Systems: Theory and Application\n , Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 19-32.","DOI":"10.1108\/20439371111106704"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Q.\n , \n Huang, Z.\n and \n Li, A.\n (2008), \u201cExperimental investigation on ductility of U-section stee-lencased concrete composite beams\u201d, \n Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University\n , Vol. 43 No. 2, pp. 206-212.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12204-008-0206-5"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b125","unstructured":"Song, Z.M.\n , \n Tong, X.J.\n and \n Xiao, X.P.\n (2001), \u201cCenter approach grey GM(1,1) model\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 21 No. 5, pp. 110-113."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b126","unstructured":"Su, C.\n and \n Liu, S.F.\n (2008), \u201cOn the asymptotic stability of grey stochastic linear delay systems\u201d, \n Control and Decision\n , Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 571-574."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, C.\n and \n Liu, S.F.\n (2009), \u201cOn robust stability of p-moment index of stochastic system with distributed delay and the interval parameters\u201d, \n Applied Mathematics and Mechanics\n , Vol. 30 No. 7, pp. 856-864.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10483-009-0710-x"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b128","unstructured":"Sun, C.\n (2005), \u201cPresent situation and prospect of online monitoring and diagnosis technology of the state of power transmission and transformation equipment\u201d, \n China Power\n , Vol. 38 No. 2, pp. 1-7."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabaszewski, M.\n and \n Cempel, C.\n (2015), \u201cUsing a set of GM(1,1) models to predict values of diagnostic symptoms\u201d, \n Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing\n , Vol. 52 No. 52, pp. 416-425.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2014.08.013"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b130","unstructured":"Tan, G.\n , \n Wang, L.\n and \n Cheng, Y.\n (2011), \u201cPrediction method for cable tension state of cable-stayed bridges based on Grey System theory in cold areas\u201d, \n Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition)\n , Vol. 41 No. 2, pp. 170-173."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b131","unstructured":"Tang, K.\n , \n Zhou, N.\n and \n Fan, X.\n (2012), \u201cAnalysis on the factors influencing the gas well productivity of S2 gas pool in permian of Zizhou gas field\u201d, \n Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration\n , Vol. 34 No. 6, pp. 723-728."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b132","unstructured":"Tang, W.\n (2006), \u201cNew forecasting model based on grey support vector machine\u201d, \n Journal of System Engineering\n , Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 410-413."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b133","unstructured":"Tian, J.\n and \n Yi, Lu\n (2007), \u201cResearch on grey prediction model of the slab temperature in heating furnace\u201d, \n Journal of Northeast University\n , Vol. 28 No. S1, pp. 6-10."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tien, T.L.\n (2003), \u201cA research on the deterministic grey dynamic model with multiple inputs DGDMMI(1,1,1)\u201d, \n Applied Mathematics and Computation\n , Vol. 139 Nos 2-3, pp. 401-416.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0096-3003(02)00203-5"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b135","unstructured":"Tong, X.J.\n , \n Chen, M.Y.\n and \n Zhou, L.\n (2002), \u201cOn AGO effect of the grey model\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 22 No. 11, pp. 121-125."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twala, B.\n (2014), \u201cExtracting grey relational systems from incomplete road traffic accidents data: the case of gauteng province in South Africa\u201d, \n Expert Systems\n , Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 220-231.","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12035"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b137","unstructured":"Vallee, R.\n (2008), \u201cBook reviews: grey information: theory and practical applications\u201d, \n Kybernetes\n , Vol. 37 No. 1, p. 89."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, A.\n , \n Sarangi, S.\n and \n Kolekar, M.H.\n (2014), \u201cStator winding fault prediction of induction motors using multiscale entropy and grey fuzzy optimization methods\u201d, \n Computers & Electrical Engineering\n , Vol. 40 No. 7, pp. 2246-2258.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2014.05.013"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b139","unstructured":"Wang, J.\n and \n Liu, S.-F.\n (2009), \u201cOn measuring and sorting for the efficiency index of interval DEA based on interval position and grey incidence model\u201d, \n Systems Engineering and Electronics\n , Vol. 31 No. 6, pp. 2146-2150."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b140","unstructured":"Wang, L.\n (2009), \u201cStudy on cooperation mechanism of one to many in perishable products system\u201d, \n Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology\n , Vol. 37 No. 8, pp. 12-15."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b141","unstructured":"Wang, W.\n , \n Wu, M.\n , \n Cao, W.\n and \n Lei, Q.\n (2010), \u201cFuzzy-expert control based on combination grey prediction model for flue temperature in coke oven\u201d, \n Control and Decision\n , Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 185-190."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b142","unstructured":"Wang, X.\n and \n Nie, H.\n (2008), \u201cOn a method of fatigue life prediction based on Grey System model GM(1,1)\u201d, \n Transaction of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics\n , Vol. 40 No. 6, pp. 845-848."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b143","unstructured":"Wang, Y.\n and \n Yihua, C.\n (2010), \u201cGray neural network model of aviation safety risk\u201d, \n Journal of Aerospace Power\n , Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 1036-1042."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b144","unstructured":"Wang, Y.\n , \n Cheng, Z.\n , \n Wang, H.\n and \n Yang, H.W.\n (2011), \u201cApplication of gray relational cluster method in muon tomography\u201d, \n Nuclear Electronics & Detection Technology\n , Vol. 31 No. 8, pp. 871-873."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b145","unstructured":"Wang, Y.\n , \n Zhou, T.\n , \n Zhang, M.\n , \n Li, X.H.\n and \n Ding, Y.\n (2013), \u201cApplication of grey relational analysis in Yaojialing Zn-Au polymetallic deposit prediction\u201d, \n Journal of Hefei University of Technology\n , Vol. 36 No. 10, pp. 1236-1241."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b148","unstructured":"Wang, Y.N.\n , \n Kai, D.L.\n and \n Ying, C.L.\n (2001), \u201cGM(1,1) modeling method of optimum the whiting values of grey derivative\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 21 No. 5, pp. 124-128."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b146","unstructured":"Wang, Z.\n (2013), \u201cOn derivative model of power model GM(1,1)\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 33 No. 11, pp. 2894-2902."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b147","unstructured":"Wang, Z.\n , \n Dang, Y.\n and \n Liu, S.\n (2009), \u201cOn buffer operators with variable weight and supplement to buffer operator axioms\u201d, \n System Engineering\n , Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 113-117."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, H.\n , \n Lin, X.\n , \n Zhang, Y.\n , \n Wang, L.\n and \n Chen, Q.\n (2013), \u201cResearch on the application of Grey System theory in the pattern recognition for chromatographic fingerprints of traditional Chinese medicine\u201d, \n Chinese Journal of Chromatography\n , Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 127-132.","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1123.2012.09017"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b150","unstructured":"Wei, Y.\n and \n Zeng, K.F.\n (2015), \u201cThe simplified relational axioms and the axiomatic definition of special incidence degrees\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory & Practice\n , Vol. 35 No. 6, pp. 1528-1534."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.C.\n and \n Chang, N.B.\n (2003), \u201cGlobal strategy for optimizing textile dyeing manufacturing process via GA-based grey nonlinear integer programming\u201d, \n Computers & Chemical Engineering\n , Vol. 27 No. 6, pp. 833-854.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-1354(02)00270-3"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.C.\n and \n Chang, N.B.\n (2004), \u201cCorporate optimal production planning with varying environmental costs: a grey compromise programming approach\u201d, \n European Journal of Operational Research\n , Vol. 155 No. 1, pp. 68-95.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00820-2"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D.D.\n and \n Olson, D.L.\n (2010), \u201cFuzzy multiattribute grey related analysis using DEA\u201d, \n Computers & Mathematics With Applications\n , Vol. 60 No. 1, pp. 166-174.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2010.04.043"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b154","unstructured":"Wu, L.\n , \n Wu, Z.\n and \n Li, M.\n (2013a), \u201cQuadratic time-varying parameters discrete grey model\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 33 No. 11, pp. 2887-2892."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L.\n , \n Liu, S.\n , \n Fang, Z.\n and \n Xu, H.Y.\n (2015), \u201cProperties of the GM(1,1) with fractional order accumulation\u201d, \n Applied Mathematics and Computation\n , Vol. 252, pp. 287-293.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2014.12.014"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L.F.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n , \n Yao, L.G.\n and \n Yan, S.L.\n (2013b), \u201cGrey system model with the fractional order accumulation\u201d, \n Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation\n , Vol. 18 No. 7, pp. 1775-1785.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnsns.2012.11.017"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b157","unstructured":"Wu, Z.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n , \n Mi, C.\n and \n Wang, J.L.\n (2009), \u201cResearch on weakening buffer operators based on reverse cumulative method\u201d, \n Chinese Journal of Management Science\n , Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 136-141."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b158","unstructured":"Wu, Z.\n , \n Xu, B.\n , \n Gu, C.\n and \n Li, Z.C.\n (2012), \u201cOn comprehensive evaluation methods of the service condition of the dam\u201d, \n China Science: Technological Sciences\n , Vol. 42 No. 11, pp. 1243-1254."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, T.\n , \n Jin, X.\n , \n Xi, L.\n , \n Zhang, Y.\n and \n Ni, J.\n (2015), \u201cOperating load based real-time rolling grey forecasting for machine health prognosis in dynamic maintenance schedule\u201d, \n Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing\n , Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 269-280.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-013-0780-8"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b159","unstructured":"Xia, X.\n , \n Wang, Z.\n and \n Chang, H.\n (2005), \u201cDegree of grey incidence for the quality of processing and vibration of rolling bearing\u201d, \n Journal of Aerospace Power\n , Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 250-254."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b161","unstructured":"Xiao, J.\n and \n Zhang, W.\n (2009), \u201cGrey incidence analysis applied to fault diagnosis of drone crash\u201d, \n Journal of Sichuan Ordnance Engineering\n , Vol. 30 No. 9, pp. 112-115."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b162","unstructured":"Xiao, X.\n , \n Liu, J.\n and \n Guo, H.\n (2013), \u201cProperties and optimization of generalized accumulation grey model\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 1-9."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b163","unstructured":"Xiao, X.-P.\n and \n Wang, H.-H.\n (2014), \u201cChange of GM(1,1,\u03b1) model background value on the influences of relative error\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory & Practice\n , Vol. 34 No. 2, pp. 408-415."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b164","unstructured":"Xie, J.\n , \n Song, B.\n and \n Liu, D.\n (2004), \u201cGray correlation analysis method for scheme selection decision of aircraft top-layer design\u201d, \n Journal of Systems Engineering\n , Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 350-354."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b165","unstructured":"Xie, N.M.\n and \n Liu, S.F.\n (2005), \u201cDiscrete GM (1,1) and the modeling mechanism of grey prediction model\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 93-99."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b166","unstructured":"Xie, N.M.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n , \n Chaoqing, Y.\n and \n Yang, Y.\n (2014), \u201cGrey number sequence forecasting approach for intervalanalysis: a case of China\u2019s gross domestic product prediction\u201d, \n The Journal of Grey System\n , Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 45-58."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y.\n , \n Yu, L.\n and \n Chen, J.\n (2007), \u201cApplication of grey theory in deep drawing robust design Chinese\u201d, \n Journal of Mechanical Engineering\n , Vol. 43 No. 3, pp. 54-59.","DOI":"10.3901\/JME.2007.03.054"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b168","unstructured":"Xu, C.\n , \n Sun, X.\n and \n Wang, H.\n (2010), \u201cApplication grey-economitrics model in traffic volume prediction\u201d, \n Highway Engineering\n , Vol. 35 No. 5, pp. 34-38."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b169","unstructured":"Yan, S.-L.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n , \n Fang, Z.-G.\n and \n Wu, L.F.\n (2014a), \u201cMethod of determining weights of decision makers and attributes for group decision making with interval grey numbers\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory & Practice\n , Vol. 34 No. 9, pp. 2372-2378."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b170","unstructured":"Yan, S.-L.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n , \n Zhu, J.-j.\n , \n Fang, Z.G.\n and \n Wu, L.-f.\n (2014b), \u201cThe ranking method of grey numbers based on relative kernel and degree of accuracy\u201d, \n Control and Decision\n , Vol. 29 No. 2, pp. 315-319."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b171","unstructured":"Yang, J.\n and \n Wong, W.\n (2014), \u201cImproved unbiased grey model for prediction of gas supplies\u201d, \n Journal of Tsinghua University (Science & Technology)\n , Vol. 54 No. 2, pp. 145-148."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b172","unstructured":"Yang, T.\n , \n Yang, P.\n , \n Dong, X.\n and \n Huang, Y.X.\n (2008), \u201cMethod for predicting fault status of satellite based on gray system theory\u201d, \n Computer Measurement & Control\n , Vol. 16 No. 9, pp. 1284-1285, 1307."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y.\n , \n Liu, S.\n and \n John, R.\n (2014), \u201cUncertainty representation of grey numbers and grey sets\u201d, \n IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics\n , Vol. 44 No. 9, pp. 1508-1517.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2013.2288731"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b174","unstructured":"Yao, J.\n and \n Hu, W.\n (2008), \u201cGray evaluation of operational efficiency of OTH ground-wave radar\u201d, \n Armament Automation\n , Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 12-14."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b175","unstructured":"Yao, T.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n and \n Xie, N.M.\n (2010), \u201cStudy on the properties of new information discrete GM(1,1) model\u201d, \n Journal of System Engineering\n , Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 164-170."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b176","unstructured":"Ye, J.\n , \n Li, B.-J.\n and \n Liu, F.\n (2014), \u201cForecasting effect and applicability of weakening buffer operators on GM(1,1)\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 34 No. 9, pp. 2364-2371."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, L.\n , \n Lin, L.\n and \n Deng, J.L.\n (2002), \u201cThe grey target method for risk evaluation of tubing in natural gas well\u201d, \n Materials and Corrosion (Werkstoffe Und Korrosion)\n , Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 274-276.","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4176(200204)53:4<274::AID-MACO274>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b178","unstructured":"Yin, J.\n , \n Liang, X.\n , \n Xiao, C.\n , \n Zhang, N.\n and \n Xiao, X.\n (2012), \u201cApplication of matter-element extension method based on grey clustering theory in the ground water quality evaluation \u2013 example with Taonan City\u201d, \n Water Saving Irrigation\n , Vol. 6, pp. 52-55."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yong, W.\n , \n Xin-hai, K.\n and \n Da-hong, H.\n (2011), \u201cA kind of universal constructor method for buffer operators\u201d, \n Grey Systems: Theory and Application\n , Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 178-185.","DOI":"10.1108\/20439371111163783"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b180","unstructured":"Yu, F.\n , \n Ke, Y.\n and \n Ying, Z.\n (2009), \u201cDecision of fault repair in aircraft assembly system of automated docking\u201d, \n Computer Integrated Manufacturing System\n , Vol. 15 No. 9, pp. 1823-1830."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b181","unstructured":"Yuan, W.\n , \n Song, S.\n and \n Dong, X.\n (2014), \u201cStudy on fire prediction based on combined model of optimum grey neural network\u201d, \n China Safety Science and Technology\n , Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 119-124."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b182","unstructured":"Yuan, Z.\n , \n Sun, C.\n , \n Yuan, Z.\n , \n Li, J.\n and \n Liao, R.J.\n (2005), \u201cMethod of grey clustering decision making to state assessmentof power transformer\u201d, \n Journal of Zhongqing University\n , Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 22-25."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b183","unstructured":"Zeng, B.\n and \n Liu, S.F.\n (2014), \u201cPrediction model of stochastic oscillation sequence based on amplitude compression\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 34 No. 8, pp. 2084-2091."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b184","unstructured":"Zeng, B.\n , \n Liu, S.F.\n and \n Meng, W.\n (2011), \u201c Development and application of MSGT6.0 (modeling system of grey theory 6.0) based on visual C# and XML\u201d, \n The Journal of Grey System\n , Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 145-154."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b185","unstructured":"Zhang, F.\n , \n Wang, P.\n , \n Xiao, Z.\n and \n Sun, N.\n (2010), \u201cApplication of grey theory in safety evaluation of carier aircraft system\u201d, \n Aircraft Design\n , Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 56-61."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b186","unstructured":"Zhang, G.\n , \n Fu, Y.\n and \n Yang, R.\n (2004a), \u201cNovel self-adjustable grey prediction controller\u201d, \n Control and Decision\n , Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 212-215."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b187","unstructured":"Zhang, J.\n , \n Liang, S.\n , \n Zhou, R.\n , \n Yao, L.\n and \n Luo, P.\n (2012), \u201cFault tree analysis of two teeth difference swing movable teeth transmission based on grey correlation\u201d, \n Machinery Design & Manufacture\n , Vol. 6, pp. 183-185."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b188","unstructured":"Zhang, K.\n (2014), \u201cMulti-variables discrete grey model based on driver control\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 34 No. 8, pp. 2084-2091."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b189","unstructured":"Zhang, K.\n and \n Liu, S.F.\n (2009), \u201cA novel algorithm of image edge detection based on matrix degree of grey incidences\u201d, \n The Journal of Grey System\n , Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 265-276."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L.\n , \n Ren, L.Q.\n , \n Tong, J.\n and \n Shi, Y.W.\n (2004b), \u201cStudy of soil-solid adhesion by Grey System theory\u201d, \n Progress in Natural Science\n , Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 119-124.","DOI":"10.1080\/10020070412331343241"},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b191","unstructured":"Zhang, Q.\n (2007), \u201c Improving the precision of GM(1,1) model using particle swarm optimization\u201d, \n Chinese Journal of Management Science\n , Vol. 15 No. 5, pp. 126-129."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b192","unstructured":"Zhang, Qi-S.\n (2002), \u201cThe measure of grey characteristics of grey clustering result\u201d, \n Chinese Journal of Management Science\n , Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 54-56."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b193","unstructured":"Zhang, S.H.\n and \n Chen, M.Y.\n (2002), \u201cThe problem of grey nonlinear programming and its genetic algorithm method\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 22 No. 7, pp. 128-130."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b194","unstructured":"Zhang, X.\n , \n Wang, Z.\n and \n Nagai, M.\n (2006), \u201cResearch on affective interaction models of robot\u201d, \n Computer Engineering\n , Vol. 32 No. 24, pp. 6-12."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b195","unstructured":"Zhao, G.\n , \n Sun, Y.\n , \n Xu, Y.\n and \n Wang, L.Q.\n (2007), \u201cGray decision ana lysis of threat estimation in anti missile combat of surfacewarship\n \n Tactical Missile Technology\n , No. 3, pp. 32-35."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b196","unstructured":"Zheng, D.\n , \n Gu, C.\n and \n Wu, Z.\n (2005), \u201cOn time varying prediction model of the deformation of slope with multi-factors\u201d, \n Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering\n , Vol. 24 No. 17, pp. 3180-3184."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b197","unstructured":"Zhou, W.\n , \n Dang, Y.\n and \n Xiong, P.\n (2013), \u201cGrey clustering model for interval grey number with variable and fixed weights\u201d, \n Systems Engineering \u2013 Theory and Practice\n , Vol. 33 No. 10, pp. 2590-2595."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b198","unstructured":"Zhu, J.\n , \n Huang, Z.\n , \n Zhai, D.\n and \n Wang, J.\n (2012), \u201cResearch on grey forecasting PID control simulation based on strengthening buffer operator\u201d, \n Journal of Shanghai University of Science and Technology\n , Vol. 34 No. 4, pp. 327-332."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b199","unstructured":"Zhu, S.\n and \n Shi, L.\n (2013), \u201cResearch on supervision of private equity investment fund based on grey game theory\u201d, \n Journal of Northeast University\n , Vol. 34 No. 7, pp. 1057-1060."},{"key":"key2020121822065377100_b787","unstructured":"http:\/\/igss.nuaa.edu.cn\/"}],"container-title":["Grey Systems: Theory and Application"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/GS-09-2015-0054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/GS-09-2015-0054\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/GS-09-2015-0054\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:46:09Z","timestamp":1753404369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/gs\/article\/6\/1\/2-31\/75855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/GS-09-2015-0054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/gs-09-2015-0054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2043-9377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2043-9377","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]}}}