{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T13:37:17Z","timestamp":1761917837300,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]],"date-time":"2017-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to study a new approach by combining a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) algorithm with a GM(1,<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>) model in order to estimate the development cost of a new type of aircraft.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, data about developing costs and their influencing factors were collected for several types of Boeing and Airbus aircraft. Second, a GM(1,<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>) model was constructed to simulate development costs for a civil aircraft. Then, an MLPNN algorithm was added to optimize and revise the simulative and forecasting values. Finally, a combined approach, using both a GM(1,<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>) model and an MLPNN algorithm was adopted to forecast development costs for new civil aircraft.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that the proposed approach could do the work of cost estimation for new types of aircraft. Rather than using a single model, the combined approach could improve simulative and forecasting accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scientific cost estimation could improve management efficiency and promote the success of a new type of civil aircraft development. Considering that China\u2019s civil aircraft research and development is at its very beginning stages, only very limited data could be collected. The development costs for civil aircraft are affected by a series of factors. The approach outlined by this paper could be applied to development cost estimations in China\u2019s civil aircraft industry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper has succeeded by constructing a cost estimation index system and proposing a novel combined cost estimation approach comprised of a GM(1,<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>) model and an MLPNN. It has undoubtedly contributed to improving the accuracy of cost estimations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/gs-11-2016-0049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,12]],"date-time":"2017-01-12T03:18:09Z","timestamp":1484191089000},"page":"2-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Estimating a civil aircraft\u2019s development cost with a GM(1,<i>N<\/i>) model and an MLP neural network"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Nai-ming","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Song-Ming","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chuan-Zhen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120920234265900_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1080\/002075498193444","article-title":"Product life cycle cost analysis: state of the art review","volume":"36","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2020120920234265900_ref002","first-page":"1573","article-title":"Combination forecasting method for development cost of aircraft","volume":"36","year":"2014","journal-title":"Systems Engineering and Electronics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120920234265900_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-013-9854-0","article-title":"Combining grey relation analysis and entropy model for evaluating the operational performance: an empirical study","volume":"48","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quality and Quantity"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120920234265900_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1177\/1063293X05060698","article-title":"Integrating aircraft cost modeling into conceptual design","volume":"13","year":"2005","journal-title":"Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications"},{"key":"key2020120920234265900_ref005","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology","year":"2002","edition":"3rd ed."},{"first-page":"361","article-title":"Neural network toolbox6, v.4, User\u2019s Guide","year":"2003","key":"key2020120920234265900_ref006"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120920234265900_ref007","first-page":"122","article-title":"The role of chemometrics in single and sequential extraction assays: a review. 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