{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:41:10Z","timestamp":1765960870080,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]],"date-time":"2015-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of identifying the gender of an author by measuring the keystroke duration when typing a message. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 Three classifiers were constructed and tested. The authors empirically evaluated the effectiveness of the classifiers by using empirical data. The authors used primary data as well as a publicly available dataset containing keystrokes from a different language to validate the language independence assumption. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The results of this paper indicate that it is possible to identify the gender of an author by analyzing keystroke durations with a probability of success in the region of 70 per cent. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The proposed approach was validated with a limited number of participants and languages, yet the statistical tests show the significance of the results. However, this approach will be further tested with other languages. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 Having the ability to identify the gender of an author of a certain piece of text has value in digital forensics, as the proposed method will be a source of circumstantial evidence for \u201cputting fingers on keyboard\u201d and for arbitrating cases where the true origin of a message needs to be identified. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Social implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 If the proposed method is included as part of a text-composing system (such as e-mail, and instant messaging applications), it could increase trust toward the applications that use it and may also work as a deterrent for crimes involving forgery. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The proposed approach combines and adapts techniques from the domains of biometric authentication and data classification.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ics-05-2014-0032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,10]],"date-time":"2015-06-10T13:45:13Z","timestamp":1433943913000},"page":"286-301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Language-independent gender identification through keystroke analysis"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Tsimperidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vasilios","family":"Katos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argamon, S.\n , \n Koppel, M.\n , \n Fine, J.\n and \n Shimoni, A.R.\n (2003), \u201cGender, genre and writing style in formal written texts\u201d, \n Text \u2013 Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse\n , Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 321-346.","DOI":"10.1515\/text.2003.014"},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argamon, S.\n , \n Koppel, M.\n , \n Pennebaker, J.\n and \n Schler, J.\n (2009), \u201cAutomatically profiling the author of an anonymous text\u201d, \n Communications of the ACM\n , Vol. 52 No. 2, pp. 119-123.","DOI":"10.1145\/1461928.1461959"},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b3","unstructured":"Bello, L.\n , \n Bertacchini, M.\n , \n Benitez, C.\n , \n Pizzoni, C.J.\n and \n Cipriano, M.\n (2010), \u201cCollection and publication of a fixed text keystroke dynamics dataset\u201d, XVI Congreso Argentino de Ciencias de la Computacio, Buenos Aires, pp. 822-831."},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b4","unstructured":"Bouckaert, R.\n (2005), \u201cNaive bayes classifiers that perform well with continuous variables\u201d, in \n Webb, G.I.\n and \n Yu, X.\n (Eds), \n AI 2004: Advances in Artificial Intelligence \u2013 Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 3339\n , Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1089-1094."},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, N.\n , \n Chandramouli, R.\n and \n Subbalakshmi, K.P.\n (2011), \u201cAuthor gender identification from text\u201d, \n Digital Investigation\n , Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 78-88.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diin.2011.04.002"},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, N.\n and \n Furnell, S.\n (2007), \u201cAuthenticating mobile phone users using keystroke analysis\u201d, \n International Journal of Information Security\n , Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 1-14.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-006-0006-6"},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, N.\n , \n Furnell, S.\n , \n Lines, B.\n and \n Reynolds, P.\n (2003), \u201cKeystroke dynamics on a mobile handset: a feasibility study\u201d, \n Information Management & Computer Security\n , Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 161-166.","DOI":"10.1108\/09685220310489526"},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b8","unstructured":"Doyle, J.\n and \n Keselj, V.\n (2005), \u201cAutomatic categorization of author gender via n-gram analysis\u201d, 6th Symposium on Natural Language Processing, Chiang Rai."},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b9","unstructured":"Gender Genie\n (2014), available at: www.hackerfactor.com\/GenderGuesser.php (accessed 23 May 2014)."},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giot, R.\n , \n El-Abed, M.\n and \n Rosenberger, C.\n (2009), \u201cGREYC keystroke: a benchmark for keystroke dynamics biometrics systems\u201d, 3rd IEEE International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems, BTAS \u201909, IEEE, pp. 1-6.","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2009.5339051"},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giot, R.\n and \n Rosenberger, C.\n (2012), \u201cA new soft biometric approach for keystroke dynamics based on gender recognition\u201d, \n International Journal of Information Technology and Management\n , Vol. 11 Nos 1\/2, pp. 35-49.","DOI":"10.1504\/IJITM.2012.044062"},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, J.\n (1988), \u201cPaying compliments: a sex-preferential positive politeness strategy\u201d, \n Journal of Pragmatics\n , Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 445-465.","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-2166(88)90005-7"},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joyce, R.\n and \n Gupta, G.\n (1990), \u201cIdentity authentication based on keystroke latencies\u201d, \n Communications of the ACM\n , Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 168-176.","DOI":"10.1145\/75577.75582"},{"key":"key2020122220092981700_b25","unstructured":"Kagstrom, A.\n , \n Karlsson, A.\n and \n Kagstrom, E.\n (2014), \u201cuClassify \u2013 GenderAnalyzer_v5\u201d, available at: www.uclassify.com\/browse\/uClassify\/GenderAnalyzer_v5 (accessed 20 August 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