{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:19:52Z","timestamp":1781536792348,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ICS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper aims to present arguments about how a complex concept of privacy labeling can be a solution to the current state of privacy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors give a precise definition of Privacy Labeling (PL), painting a panoptic portrait from seven different perspectives: Business, Legal, Regulatory, Usability and Human Factors, Educative, Technological and Multidisciplinary. They describe a common vision, proposing several important \u201ctraits of character\u201d of PL as well as identifying \u201cundeveloped potentialities\u201d, i.e. open problems on which the community can focus.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This position paper identifies the stakeholders of the PL and their needs with regard to privacy, describing how PL should be and look like to address these needs. Main aspects considered are the PL\u2019s educational power to change people\u2019s knowledge of privacy, tools useful for constructing PL and the possible visual appearances of PL. They also identify how the present landscape of privacy certifications could be improved by PL.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors adopt a multidisciplinary approach to defining PL as well as give guidelines in the form of goals, characteristics, open problems, starting points and a roadmap for creating the ideal PL.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ics-06-2021-0080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T02:48:21Z","timestamp":1650250101000},"page":"452-469","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A multidisciplinary definition of privacy labels"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Johanna","family":"Johansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tore","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Fischer-H\u00fcbner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Roosendaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Zwingelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders Jakob","family":"Sivesind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Noll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"key2022052516420081200_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2009.163","article-title":"Nudging privacy: the behavioral economics of personal information","volume":"7","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022052516420081200_ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nudges for privacy and security: understanding and assisting users\u2019 choices online","volume":"50","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"key2022052516420081200_ref003","volume-title":"Digital Privacy: theory, Technologies, and Practices","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022052516420081200_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"key":"key2022052516420081200_ref005","first-page":"442","article-title":"Data minimisation: a language-based approach","volume-title":"Ifip Sec","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2022052516420081200_ref006","first-page":"942","article-title":"A privacy-aware conceptual model for handling personal data","volume-title":"In ISoLA","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2022052516420081200_ref007","article-title":"Guidelines on transparency under regulation 2016\/679","author":"Article 29 Working Party","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2022052516420081200_ref008","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Privacy as Enabler of Innovation","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2022052516420081200_ref009","first-page":"417","article-title":"Do privacy and security matter to everyone? 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