{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T20:00:23Z","timestamp":1776974423003,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ICS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to investigate the cyber hygiene practices of remote workers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper used two instruments: first, the Cyber Hygiene Inventory scale, which measures users\u2019 information and computer security behaviors; second, the Recsem Inventory, developed within this paper\u2019s context, to evaluate the cybersecurity measures adopted by organizations for remote workers. It was conducted on remote workers to examine their information security practices. The instrument was administered to a sample of 442 employees reached via the LinkedIn platform. Analyses were performed with SPSS v26, Python programming language and Seaborn library.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The findings indicate a significant correlation between the security measures implemented by companies and their employees\u2019 cyber hygiene practices. A sector comparison revealed a significant difference in cyber hygiene levels between public and private sector workers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper aims to provide policymakers with suggestions for enhancing the cyber hygiene of remote workers to facilitate compliance with corporate security protocols.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper\u2019s conclusions highlight the importance of companies increasing their cybersecurity investments as remote work becomes more prevalent. This should consider not only corporate-level factors but also employees' information and computer security behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ics-11-2023-0215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T10:35:05Z","timestamp":1711967705000},"page":"96-116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Human factors in remote work: examining cyber hygiene practices"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Tu\u011f\u00e7e","family":"Karayel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahad\u0131r","family":"Akta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adem","family":"Akb\u0131y\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref001","unstructured":"Aberdeen Group and Wombat Security (2015), \u201cNew research from Aberdeen group and wombat security confirms security awareness and training measurably reduces cyber security risk\u201d, available at: https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/news\/research-aberdeen-group-wombat-security-140000495.html"},{"issue":"2022","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2023.01.347","article-title":"Cyber hygiene practices across cultures: a cross cultural study of the US and Saudi Arabia based information systems users","volume":"219","year":"2023","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06016","article-title":"Measuring the level of cyber-security awareness for cybercrime in Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.040","article-title":"Gender difference and employees\u2019 cybersecurity behaviors","volume":"69","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19393555.2022.2088428","article-title":"Cyber hygiene knowledge, awareness, and behavioral practices of university students","year":"2022","journal-title":"Information Security Journal"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2247577","article-title":"Impact of Covid-19 pandemic circumstances on cyber hygiene of university students","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.06.010","article-title":"Remote working and digital transformation during the COVID-19 pandemic: economic\u2013financial impacts and psychological drivers for employees","volume":"150","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref008","article-title":"To raise productivity, let more employees work from home","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.48009\/4_iis_2020_234-246","article-title":"Working from home: cybersecurity in the age of covid-19","volume":"21","year":"2020","journal-title":"Issues in Information Systems"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2018.08.002","article-title":"An exploratory study of cyber hygiene behaviors and knowledge","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Information Security and Applications"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1057\/s41267-020-00335-9","article-title":"International HRM insights for navigating the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for future research and practice","volume":"51","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref012","first-page":"46","article-title":"An exploration of work-life wellness and remote work during and beyond COVID-19","volume":"20","year":"2021","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Career Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2307\/2685875","article-title":"Overview of factor analysis","volume":"37","year":"1998","journal-title":"In Practice"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102056","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJINFOMGT.2019.102056","article-title":"Cybersecurity compliance behavior: exploring the influences of individual decision style and other antecedents","volume":"51","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2824\/352617","article-title":"Review of cyber hygiene practices","author":"Enisa","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2824\/324797","article-title":"Threat landscape","author":"Enisa","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12098","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1339\/1\/012098","article-title":"The impact of age, gender, and educational level on the cybersecurity behaviors of tertiary institution students: an empirical investigation on Malaysian universities","volume":"1339","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1057\/s41284-021-00286-2","article-title":"Working from home during COVID-19 crisis: a cyber security culture assessment survey","volume":"35","year":"2022","journal-title":"Security Journal"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2017.11.015","article-title":"Correlating human traits and cyber security behavior intentions","volume":"73","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref020","unstructured":"Greengard, S. (2016), \u201cHow spear phishing puts businesses on the hook\u201d, CIO Insight, p. 1, available at: www.cioinsight.com\/security\/how-spear-phishing-puts-businesses-on-the-hook\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/03601270903183065","article-title":"Older adults\u2019 knowledge of internet hazards","volume":"36","year":"2010","journal-title":"Educational Gerontology"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref022","unstructured":"IBM (2015), \u201cCyber security intelligence index\u201d, IBM Security Managing Security Services, 24, available at: www-01.ibm.com\/common\/ssi\/cgibin\/ssialias?subtype=WH&infotype=SA&htmlfid=SEW03073USEN&attachment=SEW03073USEN.PDF"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref023","unstructured":"Interpol (2020), \u201cCOVID-19 cyberthreats\u201d, Interpol, available at: www.interpol.int\/Crimes\/Cybercrime\/COVID-19-cyberthreats"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99339","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3097144","article-title":"Extracting key factors of cyber hygiene behaviour among software engineers: a systematic literature review","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1145\/2811290","article-title":"Cyber policies on the rise","volume":"58","year":"2015","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102821","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COSE.2022.102821","article-title":"What changed in the cyber-security after COVID-19?","volume":"120","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref027","unstructured":"KVKK (2023), \u201cK\u0130\u015e\u0130SEL VER\u0130LER\u0130 KORUMA KURUMU | KVKK | transfer of personal data in Turkey\u201d, available at: www.kvkk.gov.tr\/Icerik\/6611\/Transfer-of-Personal-Data-in-Turkey"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102248","article-title":"Cyber security in the age of COVID-19: a timeline and analysis of cyber-crime and cyber-attacks during the pandemic","volume":"105","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/ES.2014.66","article-title":"Does explicit information security policy affect employees\u2019 cyber security behavior? A pilot study","volume-title":"Proceedings - 2nd International Conference on Enterprise Systems, ES 2014","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.10.017","article-title":"Investigating the impact of cybersecurity policy awareness on employees\u2019 cybersecurity behavior","volume":"45","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.065","article-title":"Individual differences and information security awareness","volume":"69","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94782-2_8","article-title":"Cyber security awareness among college students","volume":"782","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.20533\/jitst.2046.3723.2021.0086","article-title":"Best practices used by businesses to maintain good cyber hygiene during Covid19 pandemic","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transactions"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ICITST51030.2020.9351339","article-title":"Hygiene in small and medium-sized businesses","volume-title":"2020 15th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, ICITST 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2020.101731","article-title":"Holistic cyber hygiene education: accounting for the human factors","volume":"92","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloud.2017.41","article-title":"An empirical study of cultural dimensions and cybersecurity development","volume-title":"Proceedings - 2017 IEEE 5th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud, FiCloud 2017","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6627264","article-title":"Cybersecurity and countermeasures at the time of pandemic","volume":"2021","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Transportation"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref038","unstructured":"Reciprocity (2021), \u201cReactive vs. proactive cyber security measures\u201d, available at: https:\/\/reciprocity.com\/blog\/reactive-vs-proactive-cyber-security-measures\/"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref039","unstructured":"SBB (2023), \u201cKamu istihdam\u0131\u201d, available at: www.sbb.gov.tr\/kamu-istihdami\/"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref040","volume-title":"Secrets and Lies Digital Security in a Networked World","year":"2004"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2015.01.002","article-title":"Personality, attitudes, and intentions: predicting initial adoption of information security behavior","volume":"49","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.08.007","article-title":"The impact of security awareness on information technology professionals\u2019 behavior","volume":"79","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref043","unstructured":"TURKSTAT (2021), \u201cWomen in statistics\u201d, Turkish Statistical Institute, available at: https:\/\/data.tuik.gov.tr\/Bulten\/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Kadin-2021-45635&dil=2 (accessed 26 Eyl\u00fcl 2022)."},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref044","unstructured":"TURKSTAT (2022), \u201cEmployee statistics\u201d, Turkish Statistical Institute, available at: https:\/\/data.tuik.gov.tr\/Bulten\/Index?p=Ucretli-Calisan-Istatistikleri-Ocak-2022-45818&dil=2 (accessed 26 Eyl\u00fcl 2022)."},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-6414-5_22","article-title":"A study on the impact of gender, employment status, and academic discipline on cyber-hygiene: a case study of University of Nigeria, Nsukka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Springer Proceedings in Complexity"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2019.113160","article-title":"Cyber hygiene: the concept, its measure, and its initial tests","volume":"128","year":"2020","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.0179","article-title":"Individual differences in cyber security behaviors: an examination of who is sharing passwords","volume":"18","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025011616444895600_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2014.1502","article-title":"The role of psychology in enhancing cybersecurity","volume":"17","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref049","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Security Risks in Teleworking: A Review and Analysis","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2022.102724","article-title":"A systematic synthesis of critical success factors for cybersecurity","volume":"118","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref051","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","year":"1988"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref052","article-title":"Definition of cybersecurity | gaps and overlaps in standardisation","author":"Enisa","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref053","unstructured":"McKinsey (2020), \u201cBeyond coronavirus: the path to the next normal\u201d, McKinsey and Company, available at: www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/healthcare-systems-and-services\/our-insights\/beyond-coronavirus-the-path-to-the-next-normal"},{"key":"key2025011616444895600_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03638-6_18","article-title":"Cyber hygiene: the big picture","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 11252 LNCS","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Information &amp; Computer Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ICS-11-2023-0215\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ICS-11-2023-0215\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T01:23:23Z","timestamp":1753406603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ics\/article\/33\/1\/96-116\/1239975"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/ICS-11-2023-0215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ics-11-2023-0215","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-4961","2056-497X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2056-4961","type":"print"},{"value":"2056-497X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]}}}