{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:01:43Z","timestamp":1767650503657},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Tsinghua University Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,11]],"date-time":"2018-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJCS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this study is to analyze the crowd dynamics of the visitors at Al-Masjid al-Nabawi during the most oversaturated period to characterize the most critical conditions and suggest technical solutions to accommodate visitors and provide them safe passage.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, the time of entrance from the Al-Salam Gate to the tomb and from the tomb to the exit from the Al-Baqi\u2019 Gate has been collected in the most oversaturated period. To be precise and to model the worst case, important crowd measures of effectiveness data are collected in the two holiest times considered by Muslims, during the holy month of Ramadan and the month of Dhul-Hijjah and during the busiest hours of the day to consider safety factors while proposing future solutions. The conventional manual head-counting method has been adopted to determine the crowd density and to carry out actual counting of the visitors from the recorded videos and photos captured by the legitimate authority.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The analyses revealed that the crowd dynamics in the month of Ramadan (peak) are statistically different from those for other times (off peak). In general, the crowd dynamics at all times on days other than Ramadan are almost identical.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results of crowd characterization from this study are expected to help optimize crowd management in the Masjid at the most critical location and time. The data collected in this study could be used for future research to simulate similar crowd scenes or for even different crowd management scenarios in case of emergencies such as fire hazards or evacuation process.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ijcs-08-2017-0024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T15:13:53Z","timestamp":1523373233000},"page":"52-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Statistical analysis of the crowd dynamics in Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi in the city of Medina, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.26599","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Hassan M.","family":"Al-Ahmadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wael S.","family":"Alhalabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rezqallah Hasan","family":"Malkawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Reza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"11138","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2022021409551959600_ref001","unstructured":"Al-Habaibeh, A., Othman, F., Whitby, D.R. and Parkin, R.M. (2006), \u201cThe development and evaluation of an automated experimental system for counting pedestrian and estimating peoples density using infrared and visual cameras supported by suitable sensory system\u201d, A Report Submitted to the CTHM Institute for Hajj Research, Um-Al Qura University, Makkah."},{"key":"key2022021409551959600_ref002","first-page":"151","article-title":"Analysis of crowd movement in the prophet (SAW) Mosque in the city of Madinah, Saudi Arabia","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2022021409551959600_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10002","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2005\/10\/P10002","article-title":"The fundamental diagram of pedestrian movement revisited","volume":"2005","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment"},{"issue":"6\/2","key":"key2022021409551959600_ref004","first-page":"128","article-title":"Software evaluation for crowd evacuation \u2013 case study: Al-masjid an-Nabawi","volume":"9","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science Issues"},{"key":"key2022021409551959600_ref005","volume-title":"Study of Modeling Crowd Dynamics","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022021409551959600_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.14687\/ijhs.v12i1.3275","article-title":"Modeling passenger flows in public transport stations","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Human Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022021409551959600_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2000)126:4(343)","article-title":"Pedestrian speed\/flow relationships for walking facilities in Hong Kong","volume":"126","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Transportation Engineering"},{"issue":"17","key":"key2022021409551959600_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016507108","article-title":"How simple rules determine pedestrian behavior and crowd disasters","volume":"108","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"key2022021409551959600_ref009","article-title":"Analyzing pedestrian movement in Mataf using GPS and GIS to support space redesign","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2022021409551959600_ref010","volume-title":"Summary Report of Census of Visitors to AL-Madianh Al-Munawwarh for the Hajj Period","author":"RACI","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2022021409551959600_ref011","unstructured":"Still, G.K. (2000), \u201cCrowd dynamics\u201d, PhD thesis, University of Warwick."},{"key":"key2022021409551959600_ref012","volume-title":"Understanding Crowd Behaviors: Supporting Theory and Evidence","author":"TSO","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2022021409551959600_ref013","article-title":"How simple rules determine pedestrian behavior and crowd disasters","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Crowd Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJCS-08-2017-0024\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJCS-08-2017-0024\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1652390679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJCS-08-2017-0024\/full\/html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,11]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/IJCS-08-2017-0024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ijcs-08-2017-0024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-7294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-7294","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,11]]}}}