{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T15:49:01Z","timestamp":1756309741533,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJICC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"abstract":"Purpose<\/jats:title>The purpose of this paper is to improve energy efficiency and further reduction of side lobe level the algorithm proposed is firework algorithm. In this paper, roused by the eminent swarm conduct of firecrackers, a novel multitude insight calculation called fireworks algorithm (FA) is proposed for work enhancement. The FA is introduced and actualized by mimicking the blast procedure of firecrackers. In the FA, two blast (search) forms are utilized and systems for keeping decent variety of sparkles are likewise all around planned. To approve the presentation of the proposed FA, correlation tests were led on nine benchmark test capacities among the FA, the standard PSO (SPSO) and the clonal PSO (CPSO).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>The antenna arrays are used to improve the capacity and spectral efficiency of wireless communication system. The latest communication systems use the antenna array technology to improve the spectral efficiency, fill rate and the energy efficiency of the communication system can be enhanced. One of the most important properties of antenna array is beam pattern. A directional main lobe with low side lobe level (SLL) of the beam pattern will reduce the interference and enhance the quality of communication. The classical methods for reducing the side lobe level are differential evolution algorithm and PSO algorithm. In this paper, roused by the eminent swarm conduct of firecrackers, a novel multitude insight calculation called fireworks algorithm (FA) is proposed for work enhancement. The FA is introduced and actualized by mimicking the blast procedure of firecrackers. In the FA, two blast (search) forms are utilized and systems for keeping decent variety of sparkles are likewise all around planned. To approve the presentation of the proposed FA, correlation tests were led on nine benchmark test capacities among the FA, the standard PSO (SPSO) and the clonal PSO (CPSO). It is demonstrated that the FA plainly beats the SPSO and the CPSO in both enhancement exactness and combination speed. The results convey that the side lobe level is reduced to \u221234.78dB and fill rate is increased to 78.53.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Findings<\/jats:title>Samples including 16-element LAAs are conducted to verify the optimization performances of the SLL reductions. Simulation results show that the SLLs can be effectively reduced by FA. Moreover, compared with other benchmark algorithms, fireworks has a better performance in terms of the accuracy, the convergence rate and the stability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>With the use of algorithms radiation is prone to noise one way or other. Even with any optimizations we cannot expect radiation to be ideal. Power dissipation or electro magnetic interference is bound to happen, but the use of optimization algorithms tries to reduce them to the extent that is possible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Practical implications<\/jats:title>16-element linear antenna array is available with latest versions of Matlab.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Social implications<\/jats:title>The latest technologies and emerging developments in the field of communication and with exponential growth in users the capacity of communication system has bottlenecks. The antenna arrays are used to improve the capacity and spectral efficiency of wireless communication system. The latest communication systems use the antenna array technology which is to improve the spectral efficiency, fill rate and the energy efficiency of the communication system can be enhanced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>By using FA, the fill rate is increased to 78.53 and the side lobe level is reduced to 35dB, when compared with the bench mark algorithms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ijicc-09-2020-0127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T23:51:55Z","timestamp":1614988315000},"page":"186-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An improved peak side lobe reduction method for linear array antenna for military applications"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ravi Tej","family":"D","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sri Kavya Ch","family":"K","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarat K.","family":"Kotamraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref001","article-title":"Design, optimization and realization of compact bandpass filter using two identical square open-loop resonators for wireless communications systems","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Instrumentation"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref002","first-page":"609","article-title":"Evolutionary hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm to minimize makespan toschedule a flow SHOP with NO wait","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Science and Technology"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref003","article-title":"A low volume flexible CPW-fed elliptical-ring with split-triangular patch dual-band antenna","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref004","article-title":"Liquid crystal polymer based flexible and conformal 5G antenna for vehicular communication","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials Research Express"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref005","article-title":"Design, optimization and realization of high gain RFID array antenna for detection system of objects in motion","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Instrumentation"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4018\/IJeC.2020100105","article-title":"Asic implementation of linear equalizer using adaptive fir filter","volume":"16","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC)"},{"key":"key2022121313515251800_ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"ASIC implementation of distributed arithmetic based FIR filter using RNS for high speed DSP systems","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref008","first-page":"197","article-title":"Whale optimization algorithm for combined heat and power economic dispatch","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances and Applications in Mathematical Sciences"},{"key":"key2022121313515251800_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM17092205","article-title":"Design of hexadecagon circular patch antenna with DGS at Ku band for satellite communications","volume":"63","year":"2018","journal-title":"Progress In Electromagnetics Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2016.0083","article-title":"Sidelobe-level suppression for linear and circular antenna arrays via the cuckoo search-chicken swarm optimisation algorithm","volume":"11","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation"},{"issue":"1.1","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref011","first-page":"507","article-title":"Compact metamaterial inspired periwinkle shaped fractal antenna for multiband applications","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.31626","article-title":"Defected ground structured compact MIMO antenna with low mutual coupling for automotive communications","volume":"61","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microwave and Optical Technology Letters"},{"first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimal component architecture using particle swarm optimization algorithm for self-adaptive software architecture","year":"2018","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref013"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref014","article-title":"Enhancement of gain with corrugated Y-shaped patch antenna for triple-band applications","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref015","article-title":"Circular ring structured ultra-wideband antenna for wearable applications","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-03795-w","article-title":"Constraints handling in combinatorial interaction testing using multi-objective crow search and fruitfly optimization","volume":"23","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Computing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s42341-019-00114-w","article-title":"Materials impact on the performance Analysis and optimization of RF MEMS switch for 5G reconfigurable antenna","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials"},{"key":"key2022121313515251800_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2019.02.006","article-title":"Hybrid ant colony optimization model for image retrieval using scale-invariant feature transform local descriptor","volume":"74","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers and Electrical Engineering"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref019","first-page":"1439","article-title":"SAR electromagnetic image conditioning using a new adaptive particle swarm optimization","volume":"33","year":"2018","journal-title":"Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal"},{"issue":"1.1","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref020","first-page":"513","article-title":"Linear array Yagi-Uda 5G antenna for vehicular application","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"key2022121313515251800_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.08.031","article-title":"Node selection optimization for collaborative beam forming in wireless sensor networks","volume":"37","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Networks"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06620-7","article-title":"Minimizing remote monitoring service cost of wireless sensor networks using krill swarm optimization","volume":"109","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wireless Personal Communications"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref023","article-title":"CSRR-loaded T-shaped MIMO antenna for 5G cellular networks and vehicular communications","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering"},{"first-page":"209","article-title":"Adaptive radiation pattern optimization for antenna arrays by phase perturbations using particle swarm optimization","year":"2010","key":"key2022121313515251800_ref024"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJICC-09-2020-0127\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJICC-09-2020-0127\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:54:54Z","timestamp":1753397694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ijicc\/article\/14\/2\/186-198\/125634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/IJICC-09-2020-0127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ijicc-09-2020-0127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-378X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1756-378X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]}}}