{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:30:38Z","timestamp":1754155838854,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696550400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJPCC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Wireless sensor networks (WSN), as a solution for buried water pipe monitoring, face a new set of challenges compared to traditional application for above-ground infrastructure monitoring. One of the main challenges for underground WSN deployment is the limited range (less than 3\u2009m) at which reliable wireless underground communication can be achieved using radio signal propagation through the soil. To overcome this challenge, the purpose of this paper is to investigate a new approach for wireless underground communication using acoustic signal propagation along a buried water pipe.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An acoustic communication system was developed based on the requirements of low cost (tens of pounds at most), low power supply capacity (in the order of 1\u2009W-h) and miniature (centimetre scale) size for a wireless communication node. The developed system was further tested along a buried steel pipe in poorly graded SAND and a buried medium density polyethylene (MDPE) pipe in well graded SAND.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>With predicted acoustic attenuation of 1.3\u2009dB\/m and 2.1\u2009dB\/m along the buried steel and MDPE pipes, respectively, reliable acoustic communication is possible up to 17\u2009m for the buried steel pipe and 11\u2009m for the buried MDPE pipe.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Although an important first step, more research is needed to validate the acoustic communication system along a wider water distribution pipe network.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This paper shows the possibility of achieving reliable wireless underground communication along a buried water pipe (especially non-metallic material ones) using low-frequency acoustic propagation along the pipe wall.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ijpcc-05-2022-0179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T02:45:46Z","timestamp":1696473946000},"page":"262-284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel communication system for buried water pipe monitoring using acoustic signal propagation along the pipe"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Omotayo","family":"Farai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Metje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Sadeghioon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"key2024112215424764100_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2006.04.003","article-title":"Wireless underground sensor networks: research challenges","volume":"4","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024112215424764100_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2009.03.004","article-title":"Signal propagation techniques for wireless underground communication networks","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physical Communication"},{"key":"key2024112215424764100_ref003","unstructured":"Battery Station (2021), \u201cDuracell Procell 9V PP3 6LR61 PC1604 batteries | box of 10\u201d, available at: www.batterystation.co.uk\/duracell-procell-9v-pp3-6lr61-id1604-batteries-box-of-10\/ (accessed 1 April 2021)."},{"article-title":"A review on wireless sensor network for water pipeline monitoring applications","volume-title":"2013 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS)","year":"2013","key":"key2024112215424764100_ref004"},{"issue":"2016","key":"key2024112215424764100_ref005","first-page":"97","article-title":"A review on different pipeline fault detection methods","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024112215424764100_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.3390\/app13074611","article-title":"Analysis of acoustic signal propagation for reliable digital communication along exposed and buried water pipes","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"key2024112215424764100_ref007","unstructured":"Farai, O. 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