{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:58:05Z","timestamp":1785884285551,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the direct trust value for each node and calculate the trust value of all nodes satisfying the condition and update the trust value and value each trust update interval for a secure and efficient communication between sender and destination node. Hence, a Trusted Secure Geographic Routing Protocol (TSGRP) has been proposed for detecting attackers (presence of the hacker), considering the trust value for a node produced by combining the location trusted information and the direct trusted information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amelioration in the research studies related to mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks has shown greater concern in the presence of malicious nodes, due to which the delivery percentage in any given network can degrade to a larger extent, and hence make the network less reliable and more vulnerable to security.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TSGRP has outperformed the conventional protocols for detecting attacks in MANET. TSGRP is establishing a trust-based secure communication between the sender and destination node. The evaluated direct trust value is used after the transmission of route-request and route-reply packets, to evaluate the direct trust value of each node and a secure path is established between the sender and the destination node. The effectiveness of the proposed TSGRP is evaluated through NS-2 simulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The simulation results show the delay of the proposed method is 92% less than PRISM approach and the overhead of the proposed TSGRP approach is 61% less than PRISM approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ijpcc-09-2020-0136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T09:05:15Z","timestamp":1608800715000},"page":"603-621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Trusted Secure Geographic Routing Protocol: outsider attack detection in mobile ad hoc networks by adopting trusted secure geographic routing protocol"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Francis H.","family":"Shajin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anna University , Chennai,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulthurai","family":"Rajesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anna University , Chennai,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022507180707800_ref014a","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stable cluster head selection in leach protocol: a cross-layer approach","author":"Batra","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022507180707800_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2012.20","article-title":"Adaptive position update for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc networks","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026022507180707800_ref08a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2010.256","article-title":"ALARM: anonymous location-aided routing in suspicious MANETs","volume":"10","author":"El Defrawy","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026022507180707800_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2011.111203","article-title":"Privacy-preserving location-based on-demand routing in MANETs","volume":"29","author":"El Defrawy","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"},{"key":"2026022507180707800_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/649506","article-title":"Mean 5-year clinical and radiographic outcomes of cementless total hip arthroplasty in patients under the age of 30","volume":"2013","author":"Gililland","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"2026022507180707800_ref04a","first-page":"1","article-title":"Android smartphone vulnerabilities: a survey","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"2016 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, & Automation (ICACCA)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026022507180707800_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2091658","article-title":"Geographical routing with location service in intermittently connected MANETs","volume":"60","author":"Kuiper","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026022507180707800_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491973","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/491973","article-title":"Towards efficient and secure geographic routing protocol for hostile wireless sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Lyu","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022507180707800_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.33430\/V27N1THIE-2018-0024","article-title":"Ideal position and size selection of unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) to upgrade the dynamic stability of systems: an Antlion optimiser and invasive weed optimisation algorithm","volume":"27","author":"Mythili","year":"2020","journal-title":"HKIE Transactions"},{"key":"2026022507180707800_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203504086.ch21","article-title":"Securing mobile ad hoc networks","author":"Papadimitratos","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022507180707800_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.21307\/ijssis-2017-922","article-title":"Testbed evaluation of self-adaptive trust model for cooperative geographic routing in wireless sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"RaghuVamsi","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems"},{"key":"2026022507180707800_ref009","volume-title":"Tech. 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