{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T11:17:50Z","timestamp":1782731870271,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IMDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Build-operate-transfer (BOT) contracts are widely used in the construction and operation of charging piles for new energy vehicles worldwide and stipulate that governments grant charging pile operators franchises for a certain period of time to invest in the construction and operation of the charging piles. The charging piles are then transferred to governments when the concession expires. To encourage charging pile operators to build and operate charging piles, governments usually provide two kinds of subsidies, namely construction and operating subsidies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors establish a typical game model to study the optimal BOT contract between a government and a charging pile operator and their preferences for the two kinds of subsidies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, the authors show that there are substitution and complementarity effects between the concession period and the subsidy level. Second, the operator prefers the construction subsidy (operating subsidy) when the additional operating cost is low (high). The government prefers the operating subsidy (construction subsidy) when consumer sensitivity to the number of charging piles is low (high) and the concession period is short or long (moderate). Finally, the adjusted joint subsidy can not only improve social welfare but also that the charging pile operator can obtain the same profit as under the operating subsidy at a lower subsidy amount.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work develops the first analytical model to study two subsidies in the construction and operation of charging piles and investigate the optimal BOT contract and subsidy preferences. The insights are compelling not only for the charging pile operator but also for policymakers in practice from a circular economy perspective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/imds-01-2022-0060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T08:33:36Z","timestamp":1660811616000},"page":"1084-1121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The impact of government subsidies on build-operate-transfer contract design for charging piles in circular economy"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7600-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiqi","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weili","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7516-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref001","first-page":"63","article-title":"Addressing electric vehicle (EV) sales and range anxiety through parking layout, policy and regulation","volume":"83","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref002","unstructured":"Center, R.T. (2020), \u201cCharging facilities construction project in Zhongshan district Liupanshui city\u201d, available at: http:\/\/ggzy.gzlps.gov.cn\/jyxx\/zfcg\/zgys\/202001\/t20200103_40921668.html."},{"issue":"6","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref003","first-page":"537","article-title":"Analysis of regulation and policy of private toll roads in a build-operate-transfer scheme under demand uncertainty","volume":"41","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref004","article-title":"Analysis of road capacity and franchise price decision delegation in toll road BOT project","volume":"146","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref005","unstructured":"Christoph, S. and Edward, T. (2020), \u201cGermany will require all petrol stations to provide electric car charging\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-health-coronavirus-germany-autos-idUSKBN23B1WU."},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CNEV (2017), \u201cTeld won the bid for China\u2019s new energy vehicle charging BOT project\u201d, available at: http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/\/auto\/2017-05\/13\/c_1120966564.htm.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6128(17)30240-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2006.10.001","article-title":"Maintenance, service quality and congestion pricing with competing roads","volume":"41","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref008","unstructured":"Development, N. and Commission, R. (2021), \u201cThe fourteenth five-year circular economy development plan\u201d, available at: https:\/\/en.ndrc.gov.cn\/news\/mediarusources\/202107\/t20210728_1292039.html."},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2013.11.001","article-title":"Charging infrastructure planning for promoting battery electric vehicles: an activity-based approach using multiday travel data","volume":"38","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref010","unstructured":"E-Power, Z. (2022), \u201cThe construction and operation of charging piles face some outstanding problems\u201d, available at: http:\/\/www.echarpile.com\/chongdzshow_313.html."},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref011","unstructured":"EVCIPA (2021), \u201cMonthly report of China electric vehicle charging infrastructure promotion alliance\u201d, available at: http:\/\/www.evcipa.org.cn."},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2016.04.017","article-title":"Subsidizing and pricing private toll roads with noncontractible service quality: a relational contract approach","volume":"91","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2018.04.004","article-title":"Contracting and renegotiating with a loss-averse private firm in BOT road projects","volume":"112","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref014","first-page":"109","article-title":"Interacting with limited mobility resources: psychological range levels in electric vehicle use","volume":"48","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref015","first-page":"45","article-title":"Retail supply chain management: a review of theories and practices","volume":"1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Data, Information and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref016","first-page":"99","article-title":"Maintenance incentives in highway concession contracts","volume":"46","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Transport Economics and Policy"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref017","unstructured":"Government, B.P. (2019), \u201cImplementation plan for franchise operation management of electric vehicle charging infrastructure construction in hunjiang district, baishan city\u201d, available at: http:\/\/www.cbs.gov.cn\/zw\/zfwj\/bszf\/201907\/t20190717_423311.html."},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref018","unstructured":"Group, N.T.C. (2021), \u201cThe subsidies encourage private capital to participate in the construction of charging facilities\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.noagroup.com\/solution\/newenergy\/jiancefuwul."},{"issue":"5-6","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/15568310802259981","article-title":"Analysis of a build\u2013operate\u2013transfer scheme for road franchising","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Sustainable Transportation"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2018.03.014","article-title":"The battery charging station location problem: impact of users\u2019 range anxiety and distance convenience","volume":"114","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref021","first-page":"14","article-title":"Analysis of a consumer survey on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles","volume":"64","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref022","article-title":"Integrated optimization model for hydrogen supply chain network design and hydrogen fueling station planning","volume":"134","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers Chemical Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref023","first-page":"101","article-title":"Toward mass adoption of electric vehicles: impact of the range and resale anxieties","volume":"17","year":"2014","journal-title":"Manufacturing and Service Operations Management"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2017.01.007","article-title":"Analysis of optimal BOT highway capacity and economic toll adjustment provisions under traffic demand uncertainty","volume":"100","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2011.09.001","article-title":"Post-entry container port capacity expansion","volume":"46","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2014.04.010","article-title":"Port privatization in an international oligopoly","volume":"67","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2017.05.009","article-title":"Quantitative analyses of highway franchising under build-operate-transfer scheme: critical review and future research directions","volume":"102","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref028","volume-title":"Theory of Games and Economic Behavior","year":"1953"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2013.01.012","article-title":"Price, capacity and concession period decisions of pareto-efficient BOT contracts with demand uncertainty","volume":"53","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2018.10.001","article-title":"Fear and loathing of electric vehicles: the reactionary rhetoric of range anxiety","volume":"48","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Research and Social Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2010.12.010","article-title":"Electric vehicles: how much range is required for a day\u2019s driving?","volume":"19","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref032","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization of costs and energy efficiency associated with autonomous industrial processes for sustainable growth","volume":"173","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2015.12.019","article-title":"Optimal choice of capacity, toll and government guarantee for build-operate-transfer roads under asymmetric cost information","volume":"85","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref034","first-page":"228","article-title":"Optimal choice of capacity, toll, and subsidy for build-operate-transfer roads with a paid minimum traffic guarantee","volume":"139","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref035","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modeling the concession period and subsidy for BOT waste-to-energy incineration projects","volume":"141","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Construction Engineering and Management"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref036","unstructured":"StateCouncil (2020), \u201cThe opinions on implementing the division of labor among key departments in the government work report\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/content\/2020-06\/11\/content_5518699.htm."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(2007)133:1(64)","article-title":"Effects of regulation on highway pricing and capacity choice of a build-operate-transfer scheme","volume":"133","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Construction Engineering and Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.06.019","article-title":"Optimal battery purchasing and charging strategy at electric vehicle battery swap stations","volume":"279","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2012.04.002","article-title":"The impact of user heterogeneity on road franchising","volume":"48","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2009.10.002","article-title":"Properties of pareto-efficient contracts and regulations for road franchising","volume":"44","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2016.04.024","article-title":"Pareto-improving transportation network design and ownership regimes","volume":"91","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref042","unstructured":"Technavio (2020), \u201cElectric vehicle charging infrastructure market - forecast and analysis 2020-2024\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.technavio.com\/report\/electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-market-industry-analysis."},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref043","unstructured":"Tesla (2021), \u201cTesla\u2019s rapidly expanding network of charging stations form unbroken chain up the west coast\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.tesla.com\/supercharger."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022503428001","article-title":"The analysis of regulation on private highway investment under a build-operate-transfer scheme","volume":"30","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-1647(77)90001-6","article-title":"Optimal policies of stage construction for transportation facilities under uncertainty","volume":"11","year":"1977","journal-title":"Transportation Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1006\/juec.1995.1014","article-title":"Private roads","volume":"37","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Economics"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref047","first-page":"152","article-title":"Optimal building policies of charging stations with automobile supply chain analysis","volume":"26","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Management Science"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2018.02.006","article-title":"Impact of government subsidy on bot contract design: price, demand, and concession period","volume":"110","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref049","article-title":"How would government subsidize the port on shore side electricity usage improvement?","volume":"278","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref050","unstructured":"Worldbank (2021), \u201cLaw of the republic of Guinea - empowers the private sector to finance, build, operate, maintain and transfer infrastructure for development\u201d, available at: https:\/\/ppi.worldbank.org\/en\/customquery."},{"issue":"10","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2011.07.006","article-title":"Optimal selection of build\u2013operate-transfer projects on transportation networks","volume":"45","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref052","first-page":"298","article-title":"Airport capacity choice under airport-airline vertical arrangements","volume":"92","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref053","article-title":"Economic benefit analysis of charging models based on differential electric vehicle charging infrastructure subsidy policy in China","volume":"59","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities and Society"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref054","unstructured":"Zhang, L. and Wang, G. (2016), \u201cAnqing new energy electric vehicle charging infrastructure project\u201d, available at: http:\/\/www.cpppc.org\/PPPsj\/994227.jhtml."},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.06.022","article-title":"Factors influencing the economics of public charging infrastructures for EV \u2013 a review","volume":"94","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref056","first-page":"106","article-title":"The effects of concession period structures on BOT road contracts","volume":"107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2018.07.013","article-title":"The effects of service level on BOT transport project contract","volume":"118","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"key2023040307443620600_ref058","unstructured":"Zhao, Q. and Chen, W. (2019), \u201cCharging pile subsidy from construction subsidy to operation subsidy\u201d, available at: http:\/\/auto.people.com.cn\/n1\/2019\/0819\/c1005-31302372.html."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023040307443620600_ref059","first-page":"95","article-title":"Smarter supply chain: a literature review and practices","volume":"2","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Data, Information and Management"}],"container-title":["Industrial Management &amp; Data Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IMDS-01-2022-0060\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IMDS-01-2022-0060\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:51:09Z","timestamp":1753393869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/imds\/article\/123\/4\/1084-1121\/176007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/IMDS-01-2022-0060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/imds-01-2022-0060","relation":{},"ISSN":["0263-5577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0263-5577","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]}}}