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Such agreements are highly beneficial, prompting agents to consider joint investment in emission reduction initiatives. However, capital investments come with inevitable opportunity costs, compelling agents to weigh the potential revenue from collaborative investments against these costs. Thus, this paper mainly explores carbon abatement strategies and operational decisions of the CCSC members and the influence of opportunity costs on the strategic choice of cooperative and noncooperative investment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors propose a novel biform game-based theoretical framework that captures the interplay of pricing competition and investment cooperation among CCSC agents and assesses the impact of opportunity costs on CCSC profits and social welfare. Besides, the authors also compare the biform game-based collaborative scenario (Model B) to the noncooperative investment scenario (Model N) to investigate the conditions under which collaborative investment is most effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The biform game-based collaborative investment strategy enhances the economic performance of the traditional energy manufacturer, who bears the risk of opportunity costs, as well as the retailer. Additionally, it incentivizes the renewable energy manufacturer to improve environmental performance through renewable projects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research contributes significantly by establishing a theoretical framework that integrates the concepts of opportunity costs and biform game theory, offering new insights into the strategic management of carbon emissions within supply chains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/imds-06-2024-0541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T05:44:14Z","timestamp":1732599854000},"page":"575-603","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Balancing collaborative investment with opportunity costs in a carbon complementary supply chain"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4788-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9830-121X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"key2025012407523009700_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2023.03143","article-title":"Carbon emissions trading and environmental protection: international evidence","volume":"70","year":"2024","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025012407523009700_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.22177","article-title":"Third-party logistics firm's technology investment and financing options in platform-based supply chain with 4PL service","volume":"71","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naval Research Logistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025012407523009700_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0591","article-title":"Biform games","volume":"53","year":"2007","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"key2025012407523009700_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2023.108964","article-title":"Decision models of pricing and carbon emission reduction for low-carbon supply chain under cap-and-trade regulation","volume":"264","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025012407523009700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2021.04.048","article-title":"Producer's choice of design-for-environment under environmental taxation","volume":"297","year":"2022","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2025012407523009700_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1108\/imds-02-2023-0119","article-title":"Sustainable supplier selection with multidimensional overlapping criteria under carbon neutrality","volume":"123","year":"2023","journal-title":"Industrial Management and Data Systems"},{"key":"key2025012407523009700_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2021.108082","article-title":"Supply chain leadership and firm performance: a meta-analysis","volume":"235","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025012407523009700_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/joom.1207","article-title":"The impact of governmental COVID\u201019 measures on manufacturers' stock market valuations: the role of labor intensity and operational slack","volume":"69","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Operations Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025012407523009700_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13825","article-title":"Optimizing resource allocation in service systems via simulation: a Bayesian formulation","volume":"32","year":"2023","journal-title":"Production and Operations Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025012407523009700_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1108\/imds-06-2023-0382","article-title":"Digital transformation or not? 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