{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:48:12Z","timestamp":1770752892273,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IMDS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within the framework of Total Quality Management (TQM) and the EFQM Excellence Model (EEM), the main objective of this paper is to develop a causal-predictive analysis of the relationships between soft and strategic-hard EFQM factors and the organisational results (customers, people, society and key results).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>From a causal-predictive perspective, four EEM models, designed for each organisational result, are compared applying partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) and using a sample with 225 Spanish organisations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results confirm that soft and strategic-hard EFQM factors constitute a socio-technical system in which there are multiple direct and indirect relationships, between these factors and the results. Finally, the predictive nature of the proposed models is confirmed, highlighting the predictive performance of the people results model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results can lead to an improvement in organisational performance, as the developed models enable managers to anticipate the effects of their management decisions on those results concerning customers, people, society and key business results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, a novel way of grouping TQM enabler factors has been proposed within the EEM framework. Second, four research models have been generated, which allow carrying out an in-depth study of the direct and indirect relationships, between soft and strategic-hard EFQM factors and result variables. Finally, this contribution has applied the most updated techniques in order to assess the prediction performance of the four research models posited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/imds-12-2019-0701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]],"date-time":"2020-09-12T02:19:31Z","timestamp":1599877171000},"page":"2297-2317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["TQM factors and organisational results in the EFQM excellence model framework: an explanatory and predictive analysis"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Arturo","family":"Calvo-Mora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Blanco-Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Rold\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Peri\u00e1\u00f1ez-Crist\u00f3bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2008.04.001","article-title":"An empirical assessment of the EFQM Excellence Model: evaluation as a TQM framework relative to the MBNQA Model","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Operations Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref002","first-page":"115","article-title":"The relationships between soft-hard TQM factors and key business results","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Operations and Production Management"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2014.975859","article-title":"Contextual and mediation analysis between TQM critical factors and organisational results in the EFQM excellence model framework","volume":"53","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1080\/14783363.2016.1253465","article-title":"Assessment and improvement of organisational social impact through the EFQM excellence model","volume":"29","year":"2018","journal-title":"Total Quality Management and Business Excellence"},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/TQM-05-2019-0134","article-title":"The quality movement's three operational paradigms: a text mining venture","year":"2020","journal-title":"The TQM Journal"},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danks, N.P. and Ray, S. (2018), \u201cPredictions from partial least squares models\u201d, in Ali, F., Rasoolimanesh, S. and Cobanoglu, C. (Eds), Applying Partial Least Squares in Tourism and Hospitality Research, Emerald Publishing, pp. 35-52.","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-78756-699-620181003"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.1999.tb00058.x","article-title":"Exploding the myth: do all quality management practices contribute to superior quality performance?","volume":"8","year":"1999","journal-title":"Production and Operations Management"},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref008","volume-title":"EFQM Excellence Model","author":"EFQM","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/14783363.2014.993964","article-title":"Testing the dimensionality of the quality management construct","volume":"27","year":"2016","journal-title":"Total Quality Management and Business Excellence"},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2018.03.011","article-title":"The impact of hard and soft quality management and proactive behaviour in determining innovation performance","volume":"200","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1995.tb01445.x","article-title":"The Impact of quality management practice on performance and competitive advantage","volume":"26","year":"1995","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1108\/02656710910928798","article-title":"The impact of \u2018soft\u2019 and \u2018hard\u2019 TQM elements on quality management results","volume":"26","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1108\/02656710910995064","article-title":"An investigation of the hard and soft quality management factors of Australian SMEs and theirassociationwith firm performance","volume":"26","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management"},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref014","volume-title":"Manual de Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)","year":"2019","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.11.069","article-title":"Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis","volume":"109","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1108\/IMR-09-2014-0304","article-title":"Testing measurement invariance of composites using partial least squares","volume":"33","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Marketing Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/00913367.2017.1281780","article-title":"Bridging design and behavioral research with variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"46","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Advertising"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/00207540010005709","article-title":"Total quality management: an empirical test for mediation effect","volume":"39","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/10686967.2005.11919267","article-title":"TQM, culture and performance in UAE manufacturing firms","volume":"12","year":"2005","journal-title":"Quality Management Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-12-2017-0509","article-title":"Methodological research on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): an analysis based on social network approaches","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-02-2013-0058","article-title":"Revisiting quality management and performance","volume":"113","year":"2013","journal-title":"Industrial Management and Data Systems"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref022","first-page":"125","article-title":"Possible ethical implications in the deployment of the EFQM excellence model","volume":"39","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Business Ethics"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-07-2015-0302","article-title":"Mediation analysis in partial least squares path modeling: helping researchers discuss more sophisticated models","volume":"116","year":"2016","journal-title":"Industrial Management and Data Systems"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570810897991","article-title":"TQM practices and its association with production workers","volume":"108","year":"2008","journal-title":"Industrial Management and Data Systems"},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2004.03.008","article-title":"Soft TQM, hard TQM, and organizational performance relationships: an empirical investigation","volume":"33","year":"2005","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref026","unstructured":"Ray, S., Danks, N. and Velasquez Estrada, J.M. (2019), \u201cR Package \u2018seminr\u2019 version 1.0.1 [Computer software]\u201d, available at: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/seminr\/seminr.pdf."},{"issue":"10","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.04.016","article-title":"Testing the predictive power of PLS through cross-validation in banking","volume":"69","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2016.05.006","article-title":"Choosing PLS path modeling as analytical method in European management research: a realist perspective","volume":"34","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref029","unstructured":"Ringle, C.M., Wende, S. and Becker, J.-M. (2015), \u201cSmartPLS 3 [computer software]\u201d, available at: http:\/\/www.smartpls.com."},{"issue":"12","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-04-2013-0210","article-title":"Quality management practices and their relationship to organizational performance","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Operations and Production Management"},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6963(98)00046-1","article-title":"The relationship between TQM practices and operational performances","volume":"17","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Operations Management"},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref032","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, G., Trinchera, L. and Russolillo, G. (2015), \u201cR package plspm: tools for partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) version 0.4.9 [computer software]\u201d, available at: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/src\/contrib\/Archive\/plspm\/."},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/TQM-01-2020-0014","article-title":"The relationship between soft and hard quality management practices, innovation and organizational performance in higher education","year":"2020","journal-title":"The TQM Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-10-2018-0447","article-title":"Internet research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-02-2020-0069","article-title":"Understanding Fintech continuance: perspectives from self-efficacy and ECT-IS theories","year":"2020","journal-title":"Industrial Management and Data Systems"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.03.049","article-title":"The elephant in the room: evaluating the predictive performance of PLS models","volume":"69","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1108\/EJM-02-2019-0189","article-title":"Predictive model assessment in PLS-SEM: guidelines for using PLSpredict","volume":"53","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1108\/01443570510626925","article-title":"Critical linkages among TQM factors and business results","volume":"25","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Operations and Production Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1108\/01443571011029976","article-title":"Stuck in the middle with you: the effects of incongruency of senior and middle managers' orientations on TQM programmes","volume":"30","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Operations and Production Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2015.07.008","article-title":"The role of strategic planning in excellence management systems","volume":"248","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iedeen.2017.05.002","article-title":"Quantitative research on the EFQM excellence model: a systematic literature review (1991\u20132015)","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Research on Management and Business Economics"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570910991337","article-title":"Does total quality management reduce employees' role conflict?","volume":"109","year":"2009","journal-title":"Industrial Management and Data Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1108\/TQM-04-2018-0045","article-title":"Twenty-first century total quality management: the emergence paradigm","volume":"31","year":"2019","journal-title":"The TQM Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120206574683400_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1108\/02656711311325638","article-title":"TQM, strategy, and performance: a firm\u2010level analysis","volume":"30","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management"},{"key":"key2020120206574683400_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2016.12.031","article-title":"The impact of organizational context on hard and soft quality management and innovation performance","volume":"185","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"}],"container-title":["Industrial Management &amp; Data Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IMDS-12-2019-0701\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IMDS-12-2019-0701\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:54:21Z","timestamp":1753394061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/imds\/article\/120\/12\/2297-2317\/513893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/IMDS-12-2019-0701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/imds-12-2019-0701","relation":{},"ISSN":["0263-5577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0263-5577","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]]}}}