{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T12:27:43Z","timestamp":1775478463523,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["INTR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the co-creation process from a network perspective, service is produced, designed, and evaluated entirely by the actors with dynamic roles and with less participation by the firm's employees in the service process. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model that represents environmental stimuli and value perceptions that contribute to service co-creation behaviour in an online network.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 36 semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of two online programming communities \u2013 GitHub and Stack Overflow co-creators, with the data analysed using thematic analysis. The stimulus-organism-response model guided the development of the final model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Social influence and trust are influential in actor value perceptions, including primary and network value, the interplay of which leads actors to co-production, supportive, and administrative behaviour. Environmental factors do not directly drive actors; rather it is the value that initiates and drives actors, which, by extension, initiates and drives the co-creation of services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The service co-creation behaviour model provides a basis for future research in the co-creation and co-destruction context to model behaviours within the online network organisation setting and thereby enable improvement of such systems. This model can be operationalised in a network environment through design features.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper provides a rich understanding of environmental stimuli and value perception factors that contribute to the co-creation of services, and identifies different types of behaviours in dynamic online networks. This paper presents a new model of different types of behaviours emerging from actor participation in the co-creation process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/intr-04-2020-0168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T10:02:22Z","timestamp":1629540142000},"page":"897-915","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Co-creation of services: an online network perspective"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reihaneh","family":"Bidar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alistair","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1108\/INTR-03-2018-0129","article-title":"Collaborative innovation in the sharing economy: profiling social product development actors through classification modeling","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-011-0255-4","article-title":"Frontiers of the marketing paradigm in the third millennium","volume":"40","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378201900411","article-title":"Validation of an SOR model for situation, enduring, and response components of involvement","volume":"19","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref004","first-page":"333","article-title":"Classification of service co-creation systems: an integrative approach","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"The next step in open innovation","volume":"4","year":"2008","journal-title":"McKinsey Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref006","first-page":"439","article-title":"Collaborative networks: a new scientific discipline","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref007","first-page":"3","article-title":"Collaborative networks as a core enabler of industry 4.0","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1509\/jm.14.0057","article-title":"The effectiveness of customer participation in new product development: a meta-analysis","volume":"80","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2014.979405","article-title":"Co-production of service innovations through dynamic capability enhancement","volume":"35","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Service Industrial Journal"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref010","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Social coding in GitHub: transparency and collaboration in an open software repository","year":"2012"},{"issue":"29","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref011","first-page":"59","article-title":"Customer perceived co-creation value: synthesis of the extant literature","volume":"4","year":"2012","journal-title":"Socialiniai Tyrimai"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.01.007","article-title":"A unified model of the co-creation process","volume":"41","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/1470593111408181","article-title":"Co-creation and co-destruction: a practice-theory based study of interactive value formation","volume":"11","year":"2011","journal-title":"Marketing Theory"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-010-0200-y","article-title":"Expanding understanding of service exchange and value co-creation: a social construction approach","volume":"39","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.10064","article-title":"Empirical testing of a model of online store atmospherics and shopper responses","volume":"20","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychology and Marketing"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2016.08.005","article-title":"A 360-degree view of actor engagement in service co-creation","volume":"40","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref017","volume-title":"An Introduction to Qualitative Research","year":"2014","edition":"5th ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-06-2017-0243","article-title":"Antecedents and consequences of virtual customer co-creation behaviours","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2011.00640.x","article-title":"Why co-creation experience matters? Creative experience and its impact on the quantity and quality of creative contributions","volume":"41","year":"2011","journal-title":"R&D Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref020","first-page":"81","article-title":"Leveraging customer-integration experience: a review of influencing factors and implications","volume":"44","year":"2019","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Information Systems (CAIS)"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-06-2016-0164","article-title":"The influence of perceived value on purchase intention in social commerce context","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref022","article-title":"Crowdsourcing information systems: a systems theory perspective","year":"2011"},{"issue":"13-14","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1080\/0267257X.2012.737357","article-title":"Conceptualising value co-creation: a journey to the 1970s and back to the future","volume":"28","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Management"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref024","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6nroos, C., Strandvik, T. and Heinonen, K. (2015), \u201cValue Co-creation: critical reflections\u201d, in The Nordic School: Service Marketing and Management for the Future, CERS, Hanken School of Economics, Helsinki, pp. 69-81."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670510375604","article-title":"Consumer cocreation in new product development","volume":"13","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670514529187","article-title":"The role of customer engagement behavior in value co-creation: a service system perspective","volume":"17","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Service Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00218","article-title":"Effects of interactivity on website involvement and purchase intention","volume":"11","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2017.12.001","article-title":"Examining branding co-creation in brand communities on social media: applying the paradigm of Stimulus-Organism-Response","volume":"39","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2307\/23042808","article-title":"Co-creation in virtual worlds: the design of the user experience","volume":"35","year":"2011","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/1470593115572671","article-title":"The role of embeddedness for resource integration: complementing S-D logic research through a social capital perspective","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Marketing Theory"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref031","volume-title":"The Network Imperative: How to Survive and Grow in the Age of Digital Business Models","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/1470593106066781","article-title":"Service-dominant logic: reactions, reflections and refinements","volume":"6","year":"2006","journal-title":"Marketing Theory"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1177\/1470593117699661","article-title":"Interactive value formation in interorganizational relationships: dynamic interchange between value co-creation, no-creation, and co-destruction","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marketing Theory"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref034","article-title":"Sample size and saturation in PhD studies using qualitative interviews","volume":"11","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung\/Forum: Qualitative Social Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1470-6431.2004.00368.x","article-title":"Creating a satisfying internet shopping experience via atmospheric variables","volume":"28","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Consumer Studies"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref036","volume-title":"An Approach to Environmental Psychology","year":"1974"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref037","unstructured":"Namey, E., Guest, G., Thairu, L. and Johnson, L. (2008), \u201cData reduction techniques for large qualitative data sets\u201d, in Handbook for Team-Based Qualitative Research, AltaMira Press, Lanham, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 137-161."},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref038","volume-title":"The Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches","year":"2007","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-03-2017-0067","article-title":"Co-creating services\u2014conceptual clarification, forms and outcomes","volume":"29","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Service Management"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref040","first-page":"663","article-title":"What attracts you to shopping malls?: the relationship between perceived shopping value and shopping orientation on purchase intention at shopping malls in suburban areas","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/2394964317726451","article-title":"Why do we need research on value co-destruction?","volume":"3","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Creating Value"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0397-2","article-title":"Value co-creation: concept and measurement","volume":"44","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2010.536619","article-title":"Collaborative networked organisations and customer communities: value co-creation and co-innovation in the networking era","volume":"22","year":"2011","journal-title":"Production Planning and Control"},{"issue":"15-16","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1080\/0267257X.2019.1680569","article-title":"The rise of smart consumers: role of smart servicescape and smart consumer experience co-creation","volume":"35","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Management"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref045","volume-title":"Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data","year":"2011"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref046","first-page":"16","article-title":"Social network-based knowledge, content, and software asset management supporting collaborative and Co-creative innovation","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-12-2017-0353","article-title":"Defining the antecedents of experience co-creation as applied to alternative consumption models","volume":"30","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Service Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref048","first-page":"185","article-title":"A conceptual model for developing customer value co-creation behaviour in retailing","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Business and Management Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17705\/1thci.00036","article-title":"Effects of web atmospheric cues on users' emotional responses in e-commerce","volume":"4","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIS Transactions on Human\u2013Computer Interaction"},{"issue":"11\/12","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1108\/EJM-08-2011-0420","article-title":"The value co-destruction process: a customer resource perspective","volume":"47","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.02.034","article-title":"Actor engagement as a microfoundation for value co-creation","volume":"69","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref052","volume-title":"Innovation Tournaments: Creating and Selecting Exceptional Opportunities","year":"2009"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2017.1337099","article-title":"From mandatory to voluntary: consumer cooperation and citizenship behaviour","volume":"37","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Service Industries Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2003.06.008","article-title":"Capturing value creation in business relationships: a customer perspective","volume":"32","year":"2003","journal-title":"Industrial Marketing Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1177\/1470593116652005","article-title":"Antecedents to value diminution: a dyadic perspective","volume":"16","year":"2016","journal-title":"Marketing Theory"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1177\/0007650318789104","article-title":"Social innovation: integrating micro, meso, and macro level insights from institutional theory","volume":"58","year":"2019","journal-title":"Business and Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1287\/serv.1.1.32","article-title":"Service-dominant logic as a foundation for service science: clarifications","volume":"1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Service Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.68.1.1.24036","article-title":"Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing","volume":"68","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-007-0069-6","article-title":"Service-dominant logic: continuing the evolution","volume":"36","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-015-0456-3","article-title":"Institutions and axioms: an extension and update of service-dominant logic","volume":"44","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretai.2010.09.002","article-title":"Aesthetics and the online shopping environment: understanding consumer responses","volume":"87","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Retailing"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2015.12.008","article-title":"The impact of sellers' social influence on the co-creation of innovation with customers and brand awareness in online communities","volume":"54","year":"2016","journal-title":"Industrial Marketing Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2008.38","article-title":"Design of emerging digital services: a taxonomy","volume":"17","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Information Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-007-0060-2","article-title":"Trying to prosume: toward a theory of consumers as co-creators of value","volume":"36","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2009.12.007","article-title":"Customer participation and citizenship behavioral influences on employee performance, satisfaction, commitment, and turnover intention","volume":"64","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2022050606030248600_ref066","volume-title":"Case Study Research: Design and Methods","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022050606030248600_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2015.01.008","article-title":"The impacts of technological environments and co-creation experiences on customer participation","volume":"52","year":"2015","journal-title":"Information & Management"}],"container-title":["Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/INTR-04-2020-0168\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/INTR-04-2020-0168\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:35:43Z","timestamp":1753392943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/intr\/article\/32\/3\/897-915\/513969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/INTR-04-2020-0168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/intr-04-2020-0168","relation":{},"ISSN":["1066-2243"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1066-2243","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]}}}