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Accordingly, China has been actively encouraging rural households to participate in e-commerce activities. This study aims to examine the effect of e-commerce on the urban\u2013rural income gap.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the study, linear and panel threshold models were applied to provincial-level panel data from 2002 to 2018.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of the linear model show that e-commerce contributes to narrowing the urban\u2013rural income gap. Moreover, the panel threshold model results show that the narrowing effect exists in regions where the e-commerce intensity is at a medium-to-high level and urbanization is at a relatively low level; otherwise, e-commerce has no effect. In addition, in regions with a relatively high level of public expenditure and education, the income-gap-narrowing effect of e-commerce is more than double.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The urban\u2013rural income gap can be reduced by promoting e-commerce and reducing the urban\u2013rural divide in e-commerce use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine how varying levels of e-commerce development affect the urban\u2013rural income gap across regions, the study proposes four key causes of the digital divide in e-commerce: e-commerce intensity, public expenditure level, urbanization level and education level and applies the variables as threshold variables to examine the non-linear effect of e-commerce on the income gap.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/intr-04-2021-0227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T07:24:11Z","timestamp":1648884251000},"page":"1427-1452","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Does e-commerce narrow the urban\u2013rural income gap? 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