{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T20:51:21Z","timestamp":1774903881463,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723680000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["INTR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to identify the categories of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot service failures in frontline, and second, to examine the effect of the intensity of AI emotion exhibited on the effectiveness of the chatbots\u2019 autonomous service recovery process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>We adopt a mixed-methods research approach, starting with a qualitative research, the purpose of which is to identify specific categories of AI chatbot service failures. In the second stage, we conduct experiments to investigate the impact of AI chatbot service failures on consumers\u2019 psychological perceptions, with a focus on the moderating influence of chatbot\u2019s emotional expression. This sequential approach enabled us to incorporate both qualitative and quantitative aspects for a comprehensive research perspective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results suggest that, from the analysis of interview data, AI chatbot service failures mainly include four categories: failure to understand, failure to personalize, lack of competence, and lack of assurance. The results also reveal that AI chatbot service failures positively affect dehumanization and increase customers\u2019 perceptions of service failure severity. However, AI chatbots can autonomously remedy service failures through moderate AI emotion. An interesting golden zone of AI\u2019s emotional expression in chatbot service failures was discovered, indicating that extremely weak or strong intensity of AI\u2019s emotional expression can be counterproductive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study contributes to the burgeoning AI literature by identifying four types of AI service failure, developing dehumanization theory in the context of smart services, and demonstrating the nonlinear effects of AI emotion. The findings also offer valuable insights for organizations that rely on AI chatbots in terms of designing chatbots that effectively address and remediate service failures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/intr-07-2023-0551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T21:55:06Z","timestamp":1723586106000},"page":"1065-1103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The golden zone of AI\u2019s emotional expression in frontline chatbot service failures"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5630-9216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yeming","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yaobin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xin (Robert)","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key2025052606250443200_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2020.1721947","article-title":"Artificial intelligence as digital agency","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Information Systems"},{"key":"key2025052606250443200_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102679","article-title":"Chatbots\u2019 effectiveness in service recovery","volume":"76","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"key2025052606250443200_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.12.007","article-title":"The effect of gender stereotypes on artificial intelligence recommendations","volume":"141","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2025052606250443200_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2022.103175","article-title":"May robots be held responsible for service failure and recovery? 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