{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T01:41:38Z","timestamp":1775958098619,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["INTR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the face of increasing political polarization worldwide, this study explores whether people create biased perceptions of political knowledge and how this affects their selection and evaluation of political content on YouTube.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>For this study, an online experiment was conducted with 441 panels of South Korean respondents. In the first phase, participants answered 10 questions designed to capture their level of objective political knowledge, and for each question, they indicated whether they had responded to that question correctly as a means of measuring their subjective political knowledge. In the second phase, two types of YouTube thumbnails were presented to represent progressive and conservative claims on two controversial political issues, and participants rated and selected the content they would like to see.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with low political knowledge perceived their knowledge as more than it really was. In contrast, participants with high political knowledge perceived their political knowledge as less than it really was. This biased perception of political knowledge influences respondents' choice and evaluation of political YouTube channel videos.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>At a time when political polarization is increasing around the world, this study sought to explore how perceptions of political knowledge differ from actual political knowledge by applying the Dunning-Kruger effect. The authors also used political YouTube channels, whose role in forming public opinion and political influence is rapidly growing, to study the behavior and attitudes of a group of Korean respondents in the media according to their actual and perceived level of political literacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/intr-09-2021-0677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]],"date-time":"2023-02-26T17:55:35Z","timestamp":1677434135000},"page":"474-494","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mind over matter: how biased perceptions of political knowledge influence selection and evaluation of political YouTube channels"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Heeseung","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8153-9320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhosua","family":"Ryoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4840-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunkyoung","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/002224299005400102","article-title":"Consumer evaluations of brand extensions","volume":"54","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12490","article-title":"Partisanship, political knowledge, and the Dunning\u2010Kruger effect","volume":"39","year":"2018","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"issue":"37","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9216","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804840115","article-title":"Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization","volume":"115","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref004","first-page":"9","article-title":"Factors of gratification contributing in continuance intention to watch movies on YouTube","volume":"155","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1086\/268158","article-title":"Selective exposure to a presidential campaign appeal","volume":"38","year":"1974","journal-title":"Public Opinion Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2009.09.018","article-title":"Investigating mediators between corporate reputation and customer citizenship behaviors","volume":"64","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.02.013","article-title":"Clicking vs sharing: the relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge","volume":"59","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x","article-title":"A new era of minimal effects? The changing foundations of political communication","volume":"58","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref009","article-title":"Users polarization on Facebook and YouTube","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-013-9238-0","article-title":"The influence of partisan motivated reasoning on public opinion","volume":"36","year":"2014","journal-title":"Political Behavior"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brislin, R.W. (1980), \u201cCross-cultural research methods\u201d, in Altman, I., Rapoport, A. and Wohlwill, J.F. (Eds), Environment and Culture, Springer, Boston, MA, pp.\u00a047-82.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0451-5_3"},{"issue":"49-50","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1300\/J120v23n49_10","article-title":"Knowledge gap, information-seeking and the poor","volume":"23","year":"1995","journal-title":"The\u00a0Reference Librarian"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/08838151.2020.1757365","article-title":"Do search algorithms endanger democracy? An experimental investigation of algorithm effects on political polarization","volume":"64","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref014","volume-title":"What Americans Know about Politics and Why it Matters","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0360-1","article-title":"The evidence for motivated reasoning in climate change preference formation","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Climate Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055412000500","article-title":"How elite partisan polarization affects public opinion formation","volume":"107","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6","article-title":"The Dunning\u2013Kruger effect: on being ignorant of one's own ignorance","volume":"44","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.01235","article-title":"Why people fail to recognize their own incompetence","volume":"12","year":"2003","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167217746152","article-title":"It could have been true: how counterfactual thoughts reduce condemnation of falsehoods and increase political polarization","volume":"44","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204271570","article-title":"Peering into the bias blind spot: people's assessments of bias in themselves and others","volume":"31","year":"2005","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2007.05.002","article-title":"Why the unskilled are unaware: further explorations of (absent) self-insight among the incompetent","volume":"105","year":"2008","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612464058","article-title":"Political extremism is supported by an illusion of understanding","volume":"24","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1062-93","article-title":"Cognitive dissonance","volume":"207","year":"1962","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref024","volume-title":"A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance","year":"1957"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721410391246","article-title":"A new look at selective-exposure effects: an integrative model","volume":"19","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/1940161219892768","article-title":"How polarized are online and offline news audiences? A comparative analysis of twelve countries","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"The International Journal of Press\/Politics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2009.01440.x","article-title":"Echo chambers online?: politically motivated selective exposure among Internet news users","volume":"14","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2009.01452.x","article-title":"Politically motivated reinforcement seeking: reframing the selective exposure debate","volume":"59","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref029","first-page":"7","article-title":"A study of influence on social media credibility and mediation effect of advertising credibility on social media","volume":"92","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advertising Research"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref030","volume-title":"Brand Reputation Innovation Design","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028124","article-title":"Why and when peer prediction is superior to self-prediction: the weight given to future aspiration versus past achievement","volume":"103","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"7302","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/466029a","article-title":"Most people are not WEIRD","volume":"466","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref033","first-page":"S87","article-title":"Difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence: novice physicians who are unskilled and unaware of it","volume":"76","year":"2001","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x","article-title":"Red media, blue media: evidence of ideological selectivity in media use","volume":"59","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381607080139","article-title":"Selective exposure to campaign communication: the role of anticipated agreement and issue public membership","volume":"70","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Politics"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref036","article-title":"Political knowledge among Korean electorate: measurement, political attitudes, and voting behavior","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref037","volume-title":"Liberalism and Conservatism: the Nature and Structure of Social Attitudes","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1086\/670610","article-title":"Getting liberals and conservatives to go green: political ideology and congruent appeals","volume":"40","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref039","first-page":"210","article-title":"Ignoring political ignorance : effects of actual political knowledge and perceived political knowledge on political participation","volume":"64","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Journalism and Communication Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.6.1121","article-title":"Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments","volume":"77","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.108.3.480","article-title":"The case for motivated reasoning","volume":"108","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.1.94","article-title":"Reconceptualizing individual differences in self-enhancement bias: an interpersonal approach","volume":"111","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref043","volume-title":"The People's Choice","year":"1944"},{"issue":"S1","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12164","article-title":"Political parties, motivated reasoning, and public opinion formation","volume":"35","year":"2014","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref045","unstructured":"Lewis, P. (2018a), \u201c\u2018Fiction is outperforming reality\u2019: how YouTube's algorithm distorts truth\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2018\/feb\/02\/how-youtubes-algorithm-distorts-truth (accessed 14 January 2023)."},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref046","unstructured":"Lewis, R. (2018b), \u201cAlternative influence: broadcasting the reactionary right on YouTube\u201d, available\u00a0at: https:\/\/datasociety.net\/library\/alternative-influence\/ (accessed 14 January 2023)."},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211009488","article-title":"The knowledge gap on social media: examining roles of engagement and networks","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Media and Society"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodge, M. and Taber, C. (2000), \u201cElements of reason: cognition, choice, and the bounds of rationality\u201d, in Lupia, A., McCubbins, M. and Popkin, S. (Eds), Three Steps toward a Theory of Motivated Political Reasoning, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.\u00a0183-213.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511805813.009"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167298247004","article-title":"Motivated cognitive processing and attitude change","volume":"24","year":"1998","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.98.2.224","article-title":"Culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation","volume":"98","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650207313157","article-title":"News on the net: credibility, selective exposure, and racial prejudice","volume":"35","year":"2008","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref052","unstructured":"Mitchell, A., Gottfried, F., Kiley, J. and Matsa, K.E. (2014), \u201cPolitical polarization and media habits\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.journalism.org\/2014\/10\/21\/political-polarization-media-habits\/ (accessed 12 January 2023)."},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref053","unstructured":"Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Barthel, M. and Shearer, E. (2016), \u201cThe modern news consumers\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.journalism.org\/2016\/07\/07\/pathways-to-news\/ (accessed 12 January 2023)."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.115.2.502","article-title":"The trouble with overconfidence","volume":"115","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref055","unstructured":"Munger, K. and Phillips, J. (2019), \u201cA supply and demand framework for YouTube politics\u201d, Unpublished Paper, available at: https:\/\/osf.io\/73jys (accessed 12 January 2023)."},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref056","unstructured":"Mutz, D.C. (2006), \u201cHow the mass media divide us\u201d, in Pietro, S.N. and David, W.B. (Eds), Red and Blue Nation? Characteristics and Causes of America's Polarized Politics, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp.\u00a0223-242."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055401000223","article-title":"Facilitating communication across lines of political difference: the role of mass media","volume":"95","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.04.013","article-title":"Threat causes liberals to think like conservatives","volume":"45","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.2.175","article-title":"Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises","volume":"2","year":"1998","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20130921","article-title":"Overconfidence in political behavior","volume":"105","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1177\/1748048515601556","article-title":"Grassroots humanitarianism on YouTube: ordinary fundraisers, unlikely donors, and global solidarity","volume":"77","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Communication Gazette"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref062","volume-title":"The Filter Bubble: what the Internet is Hiding from You","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12165","article-title":"Misinformed about the affordable care act? Leveraging certainty to assess the prevalence of misperceptions","volume":"65","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2014.05.005","article-title":"Belief superiority in the environmental domain: attitude extremity and reactions to fracking","volume":"40","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2508.00161","article-title":"Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making","volume":"64","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Politics"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2605_1","article-title":"The misunderstood limits of folk science: an illusion of explanatory depth","volume":"26","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-010-9130-0","article-title":"Accuracy and bias in perceptions of political knowledge","volume":"33","year":"2011","journal-title":"Political Behavior"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref068","article-title":"Political YouTube channel reputation (PYCR): development\u00a0and validation of a multidimensional scale","volume":"61","year":"2021","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref069","first-page":"53","article-title":"Cohort variations in the political ideology of Koreans: measurement of the political ideology indicators and their applications","volume":"7","year":"2005","journal-title":"Korean Regional Sociology"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref070","first-page":"300","volume-title":"Communication Theories: Origins, Methods, and Uses in the Mass Media","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref071","first-page":"1","article-title":"The interplay between knowledge gap and perceived risk in motivating risk information seeking. Information Research","volume":"23","year":"2018","journal-title":"An International Electronic Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1017\/S002238161000006X","article-title":"Political parties, motivated reasoning, and issue framing effects","volume":"72","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Politics"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref073","volume-title":"The People Look at Television: A Study of Audience Attitudes","year":"1963"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-007-9050-9","article-title":"Media use and political predispositions: revisiting the concept of selective exposure","volume":"30","year":"2008","journal-title":"Political Behavior"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref075","volume-title":"Echo Chambers: Bush V. Gore, Impeachment, and beyond","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x","article-title":"Motivated Skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs","volume":"50","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Political Science"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref077","unstructured":"The Korea Times (2019), \u201cKoreans in their 50s and older spend most time on YouTube\u201d, available at: http:\/\/www.koreatimes.co.kr\/www\/nation\/2019\/05\/688_268788.html (accessed 12 January 2023)."},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucker, J.A., Guess, A., Barber\u00e1, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., Stukal, D. and Nyhan, B. (2018), \u201cSocial media, political polarization, and political disinformation: a review of the scientific literature\u201d, available at: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3144139 (accessed 15 January 2023).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3144139"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02632.x","article-title":"The impact of political advertising on knowledge, Internet information seeking, and candidate preference","volume":"54","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2504","article-title":"The illusion of explanatory depth and endorsement of conspiracy beliefs","volume":"48","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref081","volume-title":"Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815611593","article-title":"Youth comprehension of political messages in YouTube videos","volume":"19","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Media and Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444809342738","article-title":"The politics of \u2018platforms\u2019","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Media and Society"},{"key":"key2024031721513572300_ref084","volume-title":"As You like it","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x","article-title":"Polarization and partisan selective exposure","volume":"60","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024031721513572300_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444813518390","article-title":"Social media and mobiles as political mobilization forces for young adults: examining the moderating role of online political expression in political participation","volume":"17","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Media and Society"}],"container-title":["Internet Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/INTR-09-2021-0677\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/INTR-09-2021-0677\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:36:52Z","timestamp":1753393012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/intr\/article\/34\/2\/474-494\/1215355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/INTR-09-2021-0677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/intr-09-2021-0677","relation":{},"ISSN":["1066-2243"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1066-2243","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]}}}