{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:23:46Z","timestamp":1754155426181,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 This study aims to investigate if smartphone sensors can be used in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) localization system. With the development of technology, smartphones have been tentatively used in micro-UAVs due to their lightweight, inexpensiveness and flexibility. In this study, a Samsung Galaxy S3 smartphone is selected as an on-board sensor platform for UAV localization in Global Positioning System (GPS)-denied environments and two main issues are investigated: Are the phone sensors appropriate for UAV localization? If yes, what are the boundary conditions of employing them? <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 Efficient accuracy estimation methodologies for the phone sensors are proposed without using any expensive instruments. Using these methods, one can estimate his phone sensors accuracy at any time without special instruments. Then, a visual-inertial odometry scheme is introduced to evaluate the phone sensors-based path estimation performance. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 Boundary conditions of using smartphone in a UAV navigation system are found. Both indoor and outdoor localization experiments are carried out and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the boundary conditions and the corresponding implemented scheme. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 With the phone as a payload, UAVs can be further realized in smaller scale at lower cost, which will be used widely in the field of industrial robots.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ir-01-2015-0016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,12]],"date-time":"2015-06-12T05:22:52Z","timestamp":1434086572000},"page":"306-313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Employing smartphone as on-board navigator in unmanned aerial vehicles: implementation and experiments"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Boxin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Hellwich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tianjiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dianle","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lincheng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020122319482703900_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benini, A.\n               , \n                  Mancini, A.\n                and \n                  Longhi, S.\n                (2013), \u201cAn imu\/uwb\/vision-based extended kalman filter for mini-uav localization in indoor environment using 802.15.4a wireless sensor network\u201d, \n                  Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems\n               , Vol. 70 Nos 1\/2\/3\/4, pp. 461-476.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-012-9742-1"},{"key":"key2020122319482703900_b5","unstructured":"Bouguet, J.Y.\n                (2013), \u201cCamera calibration toolbox for matlab\u201d, available at: www.vision.caltech.edu\/bouguetj\/calib_doc\/ (accessed July 2014)."},{"key":"key2020122319482703900_b6","unstructured":"Bryson, M.\n                and \n                  Sukkarieh, S.\n                (2004), \u201cVehicle model aided inertial navigation for a UAV using low-cost sensors\u201d, in Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation in Canberra, Australia."},{"key":"key2020122319482703900_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erhard, S.\n               , \n                  Wenzel, K.E.\n                and \n                  Zell, A.\n                (2009), \u201cFlyphone: visual self-localisation using a mobile phone as onboard image processor on a quadrocopter\u201d, in International Symposium on UAVs, Reno, NV, pp. 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\u201cSmart phone FMS\u201d, available at: www.fivebyfivedevelopment.com\/Downloads\/Smart%20Phone%20as%20UAV%20flight%20management.pdf"},{"key":"key2020122319482703900_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, D.\n               , \n                  Reitmayr, G.\n               , \n                  Mulloni, A.\n               , \n                  Drummond, T.\n                and \n                  Schmalstieg, D.\n                (2008), \u201cPose tracking from natural features on mobile phones\u201d, in IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, Cambridge, pp. 125-134.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2008.4637338"},{"key":"key2020122319482703900_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T.\n               , \n                  Wang, C.\n               , \n                  Liang, J.\n                and \n                  Zhang, Y.\n                (2014), \u201cRao-blackwellized visual slam for small UAVs with vehicle model 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              Lee, J.\n                and \n                  Choi, C.\n                (2012), \u201cApplication possibility of smartphone as payload for photogrammetric UAV system\u201d, \n                  International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences\n               , Vol. XXXIX-B4 No. 1, pp. 349-352.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B4-349-2012"},{"key":"key2020122319482703900_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, S.\n               , \n                  Lin, F.\n               , \n                  Peng, K.\n               , \n                  Chen, B.\n                and \n                  Lee, T.\n                (2012), \u201cHomography-based vision-aided inertial navigation of UAVs in unknown environments\u201d, in AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, Minneapolis, MN.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2012-5033"},{"key":"key2020122319482703900_b1","unstructured":"(2012), \u201cLPS331AP, MEMS pressure 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