{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:50:22Z","timestamp":1787932222581,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"abstract":"\nPurpose<\/jats:title>\nThis paper aims to provide an insight into the emerging use of robots in the rehabilitation of sufferers from strokes and other neurological impediments.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nDesign\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\nThis considers research, clinical trials and commercial products. Following an introduction, it explains brain neuroplasticity and its role in rehabilitation and then discusses the use of robots in the restoration of upper limb and hand movement in stroke and traumatic injury patients. Robotic techniques aimed at restoring ambulatory ability are then discussed, followed by examples of the application of brain\u2013computer interface technology to robotic rehabilitation. Finally, concluding comments are drawn.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nFindings<\/jats:title>\nResearch has shown that robotic techniques can assist in the restoration of functionality to partially or fully paralysed upper and lower limbs. A growing number of commercial exoskeleton and end-effector robotic products have been launched which are augmenting conventional rehabilitation therapies. These systems frequently include interactive computer games and tasks which encourage repetitive use and allow patients to monitor their progress. Trials which combine robotics with brain\u2013computer interface technology have yielded encouraging and unexpectedly positive results.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nOriginality\/value<\/jats:title>\nThis provides details of the increasingly important role played by robots in the rehabilitation of patients suffering from strokes and other neurological disorders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ir-03-2018-0046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,11]],"date-time":"2018-06-11T10:58:38Z","timestamp":1528714718000},"page":"301-306","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Rehabilitation robots"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Bogue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2021041507274582100_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneng.2014.00030","article-title":"Brain-computer interface-based robotic end effector system for wrist and hand rehabilitation: results of a three-armed randomized controlled trial for chronic stroke","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroengineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041507274582100_ref002","article-title":"Long-term training with a brain-machine interface-based gait protocol induces partial neurological recovery in paraplegic patients","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021041507274582100_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.08.0142","article-title":"Robot-assisted practice of gait and stair climbing in nonambulatory stroke patients","volume":"49","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021041507274582100_ref004","article-title":"Robot-assisted arm assessments in spinal cord injured patients: a consideration of concept study","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041507274582100_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.29.1108","article-title":"Is robot-assisted therapy effective in upper extremity recovery in early stage stroke? - A systematic literature review","volume":"29","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Therapy Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021041507274582100_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70305-3","article-title":"Three-dimensional, task-specific robot therapy of the arm after stroke: a multicentre, parallel-group randomised trial","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041507274582100_ref007","article-title":"Robotic devices and brain-machine interfaces for hand rehabilitation post-stroke","volume":"49","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"}],"container-title":["Industrial Robot: An International Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IR-03-2018-0046\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IR-03-2018-0046\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:38:38Z","timestamp":1753393118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ir\/article\/45\/3\/301-306\/185306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/IR-03-2018-0046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/ir-03-2018-0046","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-991X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-991X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]}}}