{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:17:08Z","timestamp":1784733428136,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since the market penetrations of service robots are only successful to a limited types of services, the purpose of the paper is to look into the reasons why the market penetrations are lagged from both technical and nontechnical perspectives. Automatic robotic recharging services, especially robotic refueling systems, are used as the case study for the investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper surveyed the relevant technologies and products and conducted the feasibility study and risk management for new development of automated robotic refueling systems. This paper developed a cost model for the evaluation of robotic refueling systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are no major technical barriers that exist for the development of robotic refueling systems, but two main risks of developing new robotic refueling systems are interference of existing patents and the extreme effort to further reduce the development cost of automated refueling systems. The recommendations have been made to new developers of service robots.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The suggestions are made for further development on service robots, in general; however, this paper does not cover the physical development of service robots.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was actually conducted for a client company who has a strong interest in developing new products for automatic robotic refueling systems. The reported work has great significance for new comers in this area to understand the state of the art, technological challenges and some potential risks in the field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To the best of authors\u2019 knowledge, it will be the first academic paper to summarize the research and development effort on automatic recharging business. The targeted field is very typical in promoting robots in services. Even robotic refueling was proposed at very early stage of robotic application, the market penetration of refueling robots the market penetration is very limited, not because the technology readiness but some other factors. This work has its significance to identify technical and nontechnical challenges to promote robots in services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ir-05-2020-0109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T07:01:21Z","timestamp":1594278081000},"page":"95-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Automatic robotic recharging systems \u2013 development and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Zhuming","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, , Shanghai, and Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, , Fort Wayne, IN,","place":["China USA"]},{"name":"Purdue University Fort Wayne School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, , Shanghai, and Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, , Fort Wayne, IN,","place":["China USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaomin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi State University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, , Mississippi State, Mississippi,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, , Shanghai,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, , Shanghai,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris W.J.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, , Saskatoon,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120407411472600_ref05a","unstructured":"Andews, M.K., Thompson, C., Warnerm, E. and Jouaneh, M. 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