{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T12:44:51Z","timestamp":1778071491953,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the past years, collaborative robots have been introduced as a new generation of industrial robotics working alongside humans to share the workload. These robots have the potential to enable human\u2013robot collaboration (HRC) for flexible automation. However, the deployment of these robots in industrial environments, particularly in assembly, still comprises several challenges, of which one is skills-based tasks distribution between humans and robots. With ever-decreasing product life cycles and high-mix low volume production, the skills-based task distribution is to become a frequent activity. This paper aims to present a methodology for tasks distribution between human and robot in assembly work by complexity-based tasks classification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The assessment method of assembly tasks is based on the physical features of the components and associated task description. The attributes that can influence assembly complexity for automation are presented. Physical experimentation with a collaborative robot and work with several industrial cases helped to formulate the presented method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The method will differentiate the tasks with higher complexity of handling, mounting, human safety and part feeding from low-complexity tasks, thereby simplifying collaborative automation in HRC scenario. Such structured method for tasks distribution in HRC can significantly reduce deployment and changeover times.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assembly attributes affecting HRC automation are identified. The methodology is presented for evaluating tasks for assigning to the robot and creating a work\u2013load balance forming a human\u2013robot work team. Finally, an assessment tool for simplified industrial deployment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/ir-11-2018-0231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]],"date-time":"2019-06-24T05:38:19Z","timestamp":1561354699000},"page":"471-480","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Complexity-based task allocation in human-robot collaborative assembly"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Ali Ahmad","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Bilberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2019091709562079600_ref001","article-title":"Dynamic task sharing strategy for adaptive human-robot collaborative workcell","year":"2017","journal-title":"DEStech Transactions on Engineering and Technology Research, (ICPR)"},{"key":"key2019091709562079600_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1145\/3029798.3038415","article-title":"A library of skills and behaviors for smart mobile assistant robots in automotive assembly lines","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Companion of the 2017 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2019091709562079600_ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimizing human-robot task allocation using a simulation tool based on standardized work descriptions","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2019091709562079600_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-8506(16)30008-7","article-title":"Use of robots in assembly automation","volume":"33","year":"1984","journal-title":"CIRP Annals"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2019091709562079600_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(94)90082-5","article-title":"Product design for manufacture and assembly","volume":"26","year":"1994","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Design"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2019091709562079600_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-8506(07)63249-1","article-title":"Design for assembly and disassembly","volume":"41","year":"1992","journal-title":"CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology"},{"key":"key2019091709562079600_ref007","volume-title":"Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly, Revised and Expanded","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2019091709562079600_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2013.2274099","article-title":"Optimal subtask allocation for human and robot collaboration within hybrid assembly system","volume":"11","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering"},{"key":"key2019091709562079600_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2018.03.006","article-title":"Flexible human-robot cooperation models for assisted shop-floor tasks","volume":"51","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mechatronics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2019091709562079600_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-011-0188-1","article-title":"Why the Fitts list has persisted throughout the history of function allocation","volume":"16","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognition, Technology & Work"},{"key":"key2019091709562079600_ref011","unstructured":"Eskilander, S. 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