{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T22:55:17Z","timestamp":1776380117658,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ITP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to investigate students' adoption intention (ADI) and actual usage (ATU) of artificial intelligence (AI)-based teacher bots (T-bots) for learning using technology adoption model (TAM) and context-specific variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>A mixed-method design is used wherein the quantitative and qualitative approaches were used to explore the adoption of T-bots for learning. Overall, 45 principals\/directors\/deans\/professors were interviewed and NVivo 8.0 was used for interview data analysis. Overall, 1,380 students of higher education institutes were surveyed, and the collected data was analyzed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The T-bot's ADI\u2019s antecedents found were perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, personalization, interactivity, perceived trust, anthropomorphism and perceived intelligence. The ADI influences the ATU of T-bots, and its relationship is negatively moderated by stickiness to learn from human teachers in the classroom. It comprehends the insights of senior authorities of the higher education institutions in India toward the adoption of T-bots.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The research provides distinctive insights for principals, directors and professors in higher education institutes to understand the factors affecting the students' behavioral intention and use of T-bots. The developers and designers of T-bots need to ensure that T-bots are more interactive, provide personalized information to students and ensure the anthropomorphic characteristics of T-bots. The education policymakers can also comprehend the factors of T-bot adoption for developing the policies related to T-bots and their implications in education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>T-bot is a new disruptive technology in the education sector, and this is the first step in exploring the adoption factors. The TAM model is extended with context-specific factors related to T-bot technology to offer a comprehensive explanatory power to the proposed model. The research outcome provides the unique antecedents of the adoption of T-bots.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itp-02-2021-0152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T01:01:49Z","timestamp":1674090109000},"page":"328-355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Students' adoption of AI-based teacher-bots (T-bots) for\u00a0learning\u00a0in higher education"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6160-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajasshrie","family":"Pillai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2505-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brijesh","family":"Sivathanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bhimaraya","family":"Metri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x","article-title":"Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior","volume":"32","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Social Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10250-z","article-title":"Investigating the drivers and barriers to MOOCs adoption: the perspective of TAM","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref004","first-page":"221","article-title":"Modeling students' readiness to adopt mobile learning in higher education: an empirical study","volume":"19","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref005","first-page":"452","article-title":"Nabiha: an Arabic dialect chatbot","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref006","first-page":"246","article-title":"Social media for collaborative learning and engagement: adoption framework in higher education institutions in Malaysia","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-020-09752-1","article-title":"Measuring students' use of zoom application in language course based on the technology acceptance model (TAM)","volume":"50","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-10-2016-0246","article-title":"A conceptual framework highlighting e-learning implementation barriers","volume":"31","year":"2018","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-016-0074-1","article-title":"Extending the TAM to examine the effects of quality features on mobile learning acceptance","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Computers in Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref010","article-title":"An experimental study of public trust in AI chatbots in the public sector","volume":"37","year":"2020","journal-title":"Government Information Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/002224377701400320","article-title":"Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys","volume":"14","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.01.024","article-title":"Antecedents and consequences of cloud computing adoption in education to achieve knowledge management","volume":"70","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref013","article-title":"I, Chatbot: modeling the determinants of users' satisfaction and continuance intention of AI-powered service agents","volume":"54","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref014","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resilient chatbots: repair strategy preferences for conversational breakdowns","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref015","article-title":"Network Path Analysis for developing an enhanced TAM model: a user-centric e-learning perspective","volume":"107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1108\/IJILT-08-2016-0028","article-title":"Examination of factors influencing students and faculty behavior towards m-learning acceptance: an empirical study","volume":"34","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Learning Technology"},{"issue":"0123456789","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conversational commerce: entering the next stage of AI-powered digital assistants","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of Operations Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1108\/09590550510600870","article-title":"Effects of interactivity and product information on consumer satisfaction in an online retail setting","volume":"33","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3","article-title":"Measurement instruments for the anthropomorphism, animacy, likeability, perceived intelligence, and perceived safety of robots","volume":"1","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/13562517.2015.1020783","article-title":"Teacherbot: interventions in automated teaching","volume":"20","year":"2015","journal-title":"Teaching in Higher Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9587-0","article-title":"Investigating the predictive power of TAM: a case study of CEGEP students' intentions to use online learning technologies","volume":"23","year":"2018","journal-title":"Education and\u00a0Information Technologies"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref022","first-page":"1","article-title":"A virtual teaching assistant for personalized learning","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref023","article-title":"The acceptance of chatbots in an enterprise\u00a0context\u00a0\u2013 a survey study","volume":"60","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2016.05.001","article-title":"Blended instructional practice: a review of the empirical literature on instructors' adoption and use of online tools in face-to-face teaching","volume":"31","year":"2016","journal-title":"Internet and Higher Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1120.0444","article-title":"From use to effective use: a representation theory perspective Andrew","volume":"24","year":"2013","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01597","article-title":"Adoption of augmented reality technology by university students","volume":"5","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13158","article-title":"Promoting students' learning achievement and self-efficacy: a mobile chatbot approach for nursing training","volume":"53","year":"2022","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10159-7","article-title":"Adoption of artificial intelligence in higher education: a\u00a0quantitative analysis using structural equation modelling","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref029","article-title":"Understanding AI adoption in manufacturing and production firms using an integrated TAM-TOE model","volume":"170","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref030","first-page":"729","article-title":"How should my chatbot interact? A survey on human-chatbot interaction design","volume":"37","year":"2019","journal-title":"Association for Computing Machinery"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1108\/IJRDM-08-2020-0312","article-title":"Usability and responsiveness of artificial intelligence chatbot on online customer experience in e-retailing","volume":"49","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref032","article-title":"Students' behavioral intention to use and achievements in ICT-Integrated mathematics remedial instruction: case study of a calculus course","volume":"145","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633120929622","article-title":"A ChatBot for learning Chinese: learning z achievement and technology acceptance","volume":"58","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2753\/MTP1069-6679160402","article-title":"Structural equation modeling in marketing: some\u00a0practical reminders","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2016.08.008","article-title":"Examining the use of YouTube as a learning resource in higher education: scale development and validation of TAM model","volume":"34","year":"2017","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref036","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of pedagogical beliefs and perceived trust on teachers' acceptance of educational artificial intelligence tools","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.05.011","article-title":"Extending the technology acceptance model to explore the intention to use Second Life enhancing healthcare education","volume":"59","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref038","first-page":"528","article-title":"Chatbot for e-learning: a case of study","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2007.00096.x","article-title":"Designing and conducting mixed methods research","volume":"31","year":"2007","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-Benito, J., S\u00e1nchez-Prieto, J.C., Ther\u00f3n, R. and Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo, F.J. (2019), \u201cMeasuring students' acceptance to AI-driven assessment in eLearning: proposing a first TAM-based research model\u201d, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Vol.\u00a011590, LNCS, pp.\u00a015-25.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21814-0_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref041","first-page":"319","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","year":"1989","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1006\/imms.1993.1022","article-title":"User acceptance of information technology: system characteristics, user perceptions and behavioral impacts","volume":"38","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2016.1130498","article-title":"Connected learning in and after school: exploring technology's role in the learning experiences of diverse high school students","volume":"32","year":"2016","journal-title":"Information Society"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1108\/IJRDM-12-2019-0406","article-title":"Millennials' attitude toward chatbots: an experimental study in a social relationship perspective","volume":"48","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref045","first-page":"293","article-title":"Shaping robot gestures to shape users' perception: the effect of amplitude and speed on godspeed ratings","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1108\/IJLM-02-2017-0039","article-title":"Big data and predictive analytics in humanitarian supply chains","volume":"29","year":"2018","journal-title":"The International Journal of Logistics Management"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref047","volume-title":"Mobile Conversational Commerce: Messenger Chatbots as the Next Interface between Businesses and Consumers","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-016-9508-8","article-title":"Factors affecting the adoption of e-learning systems in Qatar and USA: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2 (UTAUT2)","volume":"65","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.4.864","article-title":"On seeing human\u202f: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism","volume":"114","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.045","article-title":"The impact of online real-time interactivity on patronage intention: the use of avatars","volume":"61","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref051","volume-title":"Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research","year":"1975"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref052","first-page":"1","article-title":"Users' experiences with chatbots: findings from a\u00a0questionnaire study","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quality and User Experience"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6198.1970.tb01035.x","article-title":"Teaching without learning","volume":"9","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nursing Forum"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref055","first-page":"8","article-title":"Emerging techonologies. Bots as language learning tools","volume":"10","year":"2006","journal-title":"Language Learning and Technology"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.12.023","article-title":"Chatbot learning partners: connecting learning experiences, interest and competence","volume":"93","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref057","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trusting robocop: gender-based effects on trust of an autonomous robot","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref058","volume-title":"Briefing Paper: Chatbots in Education","year":"2018","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref059","unstructured":"Gillespie, A., Krishna, M., Oliver, C., Olsen, K. and Thiel, M. (1999), \u201cOnline behavior stickiness\u201d, Vanderbilt University's ELab, available at: http:\/\/elab.vanderbilt.dedu\/research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref060","first-page":"27","article-title":"Grounded theory: the discovery of grounded theory","volume":"12","year":"1967","journal-title":"Sociology the Journal of the British Sociological Association"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref061","first-page":"446","article-title":"Evaluation of developing educational chatbots based on the seven principles for good teaching","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref062","first-page":"294","article-title":"Grounded theory, ethnography and phenomenology: a comparative analysis of three qualitative strategies for marketing research","volume":"39","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Marketing"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2012.06.007","article-title":"Feeling robots and human zombies: mind perception and the uncanny valley","volume":"125","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.2.265","article-title":"Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns","volume":"103","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2008.01.012","article-title":"Confirmatory tetrad analysis in PLS path modeling","volume":"61","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref066","unstructured":"Hair, J.F. Jr, Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2017), \u201cA primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling\u201d, Long Range Planning, 2nd ed., Sage Publication, Landon."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2753\/MTP1069-6679190202","article-title":"PLS-SEM: indeed a silver bullet","volume":"19","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2017.09.016","article-title":"Analysis of the essential factors for the adoption of mobile learning in higher education: a case study of students of the University of Technology","volume":"35","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref068","first-page":"82","article-title":"A comparison of approaches for the analysis of interaction effects between latent variables using partial least squares path modeling","volume":"17","year":"2010","journal-title":"Structural Equation\u00a0Modeling"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.05.015","article-title":"Revisiting the uncanny valley theory: developing and validating\u00a0an alternative to the Godspeed","volume":"26","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/002224299606000304","article-title":"Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: conceptual foundations","volume":"60","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.03.016","article-title":"Exploring the factors affecting MOOC retention: a survey study","volume":"98","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2016.04.012","article-title":"Effect of perceived value and social influences on mobile app stickiness and in-app purchase intention","volume":"108","year":"2016","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"issue":"13-14","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2021.1957845","article-title":"Chatbot service usage during a pandemic: fear and social distancing","volume":"41","year":"2021","journal-title":"Service Industries Journal"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, S.A., Ogundimu, F. and Bhattarai, S. (2019), \u201cMobile phone-based chatbot for family planning and contraceptive information\u201d, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer International Publishing, Vol.\u00a011582, LNCS, pp.\u00a0342-352.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22219-2_26"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref075","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of opportunities and challenges of chatbots in education","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219622011004543","article-title":"An empirical analysis of factors influencing internet\/e-business technologies adoption by SMEs in Canada","volume":"10","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Technology and Decision Making"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref077","first-page":"1","volume-title":"IIT Guwahati Team Develops AI Chatbot \u2018ALBELA\u2019 to Teach and Support First-Year Engineering Students","author":"IndiaToday","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Io, H. and Lee, C. (2019), \u201cUnderstanding the adoption of chatbot A case study of Siri\u201d, Advances in Information and Communication Networks, Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp.\u00a0632-643.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03402-3_44"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref079","first-page":"489","article-title":"Progress on robotics in hospitality and tourism: a review of the literature","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref080","volume-title":"Chatbot - Magic in a Box? : A Study of a Chatbot in a Swedish Bank","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref081","first-page":"138","article-title":"KBot: knowledge-enabled personalized chatbot for asthma self-management","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10374-2","article-title":"Factors affecting the usage of learning management systems in higher education","volume":"26","year":"2021","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2019.04.002","article-title":"Entrepreneurship in tourism firms: a mixed-methods analysis of performance driver configurations","volume":"74","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-01-2015-0023","article-title":"The role of personalization, engagement, and trust in online communities","volume":"29","year":"2016","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref085","first-page":"1","article-title":"Understanding user perception toward artificial intelligence (AI) enabled e-learning","volume":"38","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Information and Learning Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref086","first-page":"177","article-title":"Journal of research in interactive marketing","volume":"10","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref087","first-page":"32","article-title":"Future English learning: chatbots and artificial intelligence","volume":"22","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"1-20","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref088","first-page":"497","article-title":"The effect of personalization and familiarity on trust and adoption of recommendation agents","volume":"30","year":"2006","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"September","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref089","first-page":"1637","article-title":"Characteristics that influence perceived intelligence in AI design","volume":"3","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref090","first-page":"676","article-title":"Adoption in logistics and supply chain management: an empirical","volume":"29","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Logistics Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref161","first-page":"361","article-title":"A technology acceptance model for the perception of restaurant service robots for trust, interactivity, and output quality","volume":"16","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Mobile Communications"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref091","volume-title":"Perceived Benefits and Limitations of Chatbots in Higher Education","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290600740843","article-title":"Online stickiness: its antecedents and effect on purchasing intention","volume":"26","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behaviour and Information Technology"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Z., Liu, Z., Winata, G.I., Cahyawijaya, S., Madotto, A., Bang, Y. and Ishii, E. (2020), \u201cXPersona: evaluating multilingual personalized chatbot\u201d, RXiv Preprint ArXiv:2003.07568, available at: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2003.07568","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.nlp4convai-1.10"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.09.009","article-title":"Extending the TAM model to explore the factors that affect intention to use an online learning community","volume":"54","year":"2010","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref095","article-title":"Understanding academics' adoption of learning technologies: a systematic review","volume":"151","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2019.01.005","article-title":"Developing and validating a service robot integration willingness scale","volume":"80","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Hospitality Management"},{"issue":"50","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref097","first-page":"19","article-title":"Web portals usher in, drive away business","volume":"104","year":"2000","journal-title":"National Underwriter\/Property and Casualty Risk and Benefits"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref098","article-title":"Mobile technology adoption across the lifespan: a\u00a0mixed methods investigation to clarify adoption stages, and the influence of diffusion attributes","volume":"112","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s42438-019-00083-6","article-title":"The sublation of digital education","volume":"2","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postdigital Science and Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2013.06.002","article-title":"Understanding the internet banking adoption: a\u00a0unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.10.002","article-title":"A task-technology fit view of learning management system impact","volume":"52","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref102","first-page":"602","article-title":"Meeting stevie: perceptions of a socially assistive robot by residents and staff in a long-term care facility","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref103","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predicting the intentions to use chatbots for travel and tourism","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Issues in Tourism"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.12.014","article-title":"Factors influencing higher education students to adopt podcast: an empirical study","volume":"83","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.03.006","article-title":"Social and individual antecedents of m-learning adoption in Iran","volume":"49","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref106","first-page":"197","article-title":"The role of chatbots in formal education","year":"2018"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref107","first-page":"33","article-title":"The uncanny valley","volume":"4","year":"1970","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref108","first-page":"115","article-title":"Perceived intelligence and perceived anthropomorphism of personal intelligent agents: scale development and validation","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref109","first-page":"1","article-title":"How perceptions of intelligence and anthropomorphism affect adoption of personal intelligent agents","volume":"30","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref110","article-title":"Are teachers about to be replaced by bots?","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forbes"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2190\/EC.39.3.c","article-title":"Technology adoption into teaching and learning by mainstream university faculty: a mixed methodology study revealing the how, when, why, and why not","volume":"39","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref112","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","year":"1978"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oeste, S., Lehmann, K., Janson, A., S\u00f6llner, M. and Leimeister, J.M. (2015), \u201cRedesigning university large scale lectures: how to activate the learner\u201d, in Academy of Management Proceedings, Academy of Management, New York, p. 10510.","DOI":"10.5465\/ambpp.2015.14650abstract"},{"issue":"May","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref114","first-page":"1","article-title":"Online learning: adoption, continuance, and learning outcome\u2014a review of literature","volume":"43","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref115","first-page":"840","article-title":"Effectiveness of e-learning: the mediating role of student engagement on perceived learning effectiveness","volume":"34","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-04-2015-0096","article-title":"Understanding the emergence of wearable devices as next-generation tools for health communication Eunil","volume":"29","year":"2016","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-04-2020-0259","article-title":"Adoption of AI-based chatbots for hospitality and tourism","volume":"32","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref118","first-page":"2599","article-title":"Adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) for talent acquisition in\u00a0IT\/ITeS organizations","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Benchmarking: An International Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref119","first-page":"2","article-title":"Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching and learning in higher education","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref120","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conceptualizing the implications of mobile app usage and stickiness: a research agenda","year":"2012","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref121","article-title":"User adoption of chatbots","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSRN Electronic Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref122","first-page":"6","article-title":"Perspectives of students' behavior towards mobile learning (M-learning) in Egypt: an extension of the UTAUT model","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Engineering, Technology and Applied Science Research"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riel, J. (2019), \u201cEssential features and critical issues with educational chatbots: toward personalized learning via digital agents\u201d, Handbook of Research on Modern Educational Technologies, Applications, and Management, University of Illinois at Chicago, pp.\u00a0246-262.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-3476-2.ch015"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref124","first-page":"1642","article-title":"The impact of anthropomorphic and functional chatbot design features in enterprise collaboration systems on user acceptance","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref125","unstructured":"Ringle, C.M., Wende, S. and Will, A. (2005), \u201cSmart PLS 2.0\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.smartpls.com\/"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref126","volume-title":"Chatbots in Education - A Passing Trend or a Valuable Pedagogical Tool ?","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00516-z","article-title":"Perceived human-likeness of social robots: testing the rasch model as a method for measuring anthropomorphism","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref128","first-page":"1046","article-title":"A study on external form design factors for robots as elementary school teaching assistants","year":"2007"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.09.009","article-title":"Exploring students' awareness and perceptions: influencing factors and individual differences driving m-learning adoption","volume":"65","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.09.009","article-title":"The technology acceptance model (TAM): a\u00a0meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach to explaining teachers' adoption of digital technology in education","volume":"128","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12723","article-title":"The development of Messenger bots for teaching and learning and accounting students' experience of the use thereof","volume":"50","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref132","article-title":"Customer service chatbots: anthropomorphism, adoption and word of mouth","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref133","volume-title":"Customer Service Chatbots : Anthropomorphism, Adoption and Word of Mouth","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.04.030","article-title":"Customer service chatbots: anthropomorphism and adoption","volume":"115","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref135","article-title":"AI and chatbots in education: what does the FutureHold?","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chatbot Magazine"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1108\/JSTPM-07-2017-0033","article-title":"Adoption of digital payment systems in the era of demonetization in India: an\u00a0empirical study","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref137","article-title":"Designing chatbots for higher education practice","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1108\/SHR-11-2018-0092","article-title":"An employee's best friend? How AI can boost employee engagement and performance","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Strategic HR Review"},{"issue":"June","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref139","article-title":"Chatbots for learning: a review of educational chatbots for the Facebook Messenger","volume":"151","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref140","article-title":"Chatbots in Education: applications of Chatbot Technologies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elearningindustry.Com"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.x","article-title":"Defining virtual reality: dimensions determining telepresence, Communication in the age of virtual reality","volume":"42","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.08.005","article-title":"A meta-analysis of e-learning technology acceptance: the role of user types and e-learning technology types","volume":"27","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12937","article-title":"Understanding K-12 teachers' intention to adopt open educational resources: a mixed methods inquiry","volume":"51","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref144","first-page":"14","article-title":"Differences in intention to use educational RSS feeds between Lebanese and British students: a multi-group analysis based\u00a0on\u00a0the technology acceptance model","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of E-Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1108\/JIEB-09-2016-0032","article-title":"Factors influencing students' adoption of e-learning: a structural equation modeling approach","volume":"10","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of International Education in Business"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1108\/17554191311303367","article-title":"Determinants of customers' online purchase intention: an\u00a0empirical study in India","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Indian Business Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref147","first-page":"481","article-title":"Do we trust in AI? Role of anthropomorphism and intelligence","volume":"61","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Information Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2014.09.001","article-title":"Performance effects of technology-organization-environment openness, service co-production, and digital-resource readiness: the case of the IT industry","volume":"35","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2013\/37.1.02","article-title":"Bridging the qualitative-quantitative divide: guidelines for conducting mixed methods research in information systems","volume":"37","year":"2013","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00433","article-title":"Guidelines for conducting mixed-methods research: an extension and illustration","volume":"17","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref151","article-title":"Educational chatbot with learning avatar for personalization","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref152","article-title":"Unleashing the potential of chatbots in education: a state-of-the-art analysis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Academy of Management Proceedings"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2014.07.006","article-title":"Embrace complexity theory, perform contrarian case analysis, and model multiple realities","volume":"67","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77788","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988252","article-title":"Advantages and constraints of a hybrid model K-12 E-Learning assistant chatbot","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref155","first-page":"1","article-title":"Humanlike robots as employees in the hotel industry: thematic content analysis of online reviews","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, Routledge"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/19368623.2019.1592733","article-title":"Humanlike robots as employees in the hotel industry: thematic content analysis of online reviews","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2017.0518","article-title":"Predicting consumer responses to a\u00a0chatbot on facebook","volume":"21","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"key":"key2024010610164198100_ref158","article-title":"AI technologies for education: recent research and future directions","volume":"2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610164198100_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00368","article-title":"The design and implementation of xiaoice, an\u00a0empathetic social chatbot","volume":"46","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"}],"container-title":["Information Technology &amp; People"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-02-2021-0152\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-02-2021-0152\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:54:19Z","timestamp":1753394059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/itp\/article\/37\/1\/328-355\/1222230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/ITP-02-2021-0152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/itp-02-2021-0152","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-3845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-3845","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]}}}