{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:08:57Z","timestamp":1785510537476,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ITP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Work interruptions (WIs) due to social media are becoming more and more common in the daily lives of organizations. However, the relationship between WI and work performance of employees is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of WIs due to social media on employees' work performance in terms of different mechanisms; it also considers the moderating role of social media usage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the jobs demands-resource (JD-R) model, this paper proposes a research model to investigate the effects of WIs on employee work performance from the perspective of the enabling mechanism and burden mechanism. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data of 444 employees.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show that (1) with regard to the enabling mechanism path, WI has a positive effect on employees' sense of belonging, which further has a positive effect on employees' work performance; (2) with regard to the burden mechanism path, WI has a positive effect on employees' interruption overload; however, the effect of employee interruption overload on employees' work performance is not significant, and (3) social media used for either work or social purposes can strengthen the relationship between WI and interruption overload, while social media used for work-related purposes can reduce the relationship between WI and a sense of belonging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, this paper contributes to the WI literature by clarifying how WI affects employees' work performance through different mechanisms, namely the enabling mechanism and the burden mechanism. Second, this paper contributes to the WI literature by revealing a boundary condition, namely social media use, between WI and a sense of belonging and between WI and employees' interruption overload.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itp-02-2022-0103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T06:45:29Z","timestamp":1694501129000},"page":"180-197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of work interruption on\u00a0employees' work performance: moderating role of social media usage"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9179-4891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12064","article-title":"The many faces of information technology interruptions: a taxonomy and preliminary investigation of their performance effects","volume":"25","year":"2015","journal-title":"Information Systems Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2018\/13157","article-title":"E-mail interruptions and individual performance: is there a silver lining?","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref003","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Theorizing the multilevel effects of interruptions and the role of communication technology","volume":"19","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2018.07.002","article-title":"Social media? It's serious! Understanding the dark side of social media","volume":"36","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Management Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2014.897943","article-title":"Just more of the same, or different? An integrative theoretical framework for the study of cumulative interruptions at work","volume":"24","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"key":"key2025010610132075500_ref006","first-page":"593","article-title":"The effects of interruptions on task performance, annoyance, and anxiety in the user interface","volume":"1","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of Interact"},{"key":"key2025010610132075500_ref007","article-title":"When job resources function as a stress buffer: a resource allocation perspective of the job demands-resources model","volume":"192","year":"2022","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000210","article-title":"Divergent effects of distance versus velocity disturbances on emotional experiences during goal pursuit","volume":"102","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref009","first-page":"708","article-title":"Regulatory focus at work: the moderating role of regulatory focus in the job demands-resources model","volume":"15","year":"2010","journal-title":"Career Development International"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2017.2792","article-title":"Recover overnight? Work interruption and worker productivity","volume":"64","year":"2018","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2017.09.001","article-title":"Improving the agility of employees through enterprise social media: the mediating role of psychological conditions","volume":"38","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2018\/13631","article-title":"Life interrupted: the effects of technology-mediated work interruptions on work and nonwork outcomes","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/0268396218802728","article-title":"Enterprise social media use and overload: a curvilinear relationship","volume":"34","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref014","first-page":"457","article-title":"Three-way interaction effect of social media usage, perceived task interdependence and perceived participative leadership on employee creativity","volume":"31","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref015","article-title":"Investigating the impact of IT-mediated information interruption on emotional exhaustion in the workplace","volume":"57","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378702400308","article-title":"Estimating trait, method, and error variance-Generalizing across 70 construct-validation studies","volume":"24","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499","article-title":"The job demands-resources model of burnout","volume":"86","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1108\/IntR-12-2017-0515","article-title":"Heuristics versus statistics in discriminant validity testing: a comparison of four procedures","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2012.12.035","article-title":"Should I send this message? Understanding the impact of interruptions, social hierarchy and perceived task complexity on user performance and perceived workload","volume":"55","year":"2013","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"key":"key2025010610132075500_ref020","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Edition)","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2025010610132075500_ref021","volume-title":"A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)","year":"2017","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.1.93","article-title":"Emotional exhaustion and job performance: the mediating role of motivation","volume":"92","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref023","first-page":"1","article-title":"The moderating role of social media usage in the relationship among multicultural experiences, cultural intelligence, and individual creativity","volume":"30","year":"2017","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206317702221","article-title":"Violating work-family boundaries: reactions to interruptions at work and home","volume":"45","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.2307\/30040736","article-title":"Work interrupted: a closer look at the role of interruptions in organizational life","volume":"28","year":"2003","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2019.1579266","article-title":"Please wait until I am done! Longitudinal effects of work interruptions on employee well-being","volume":"34","year":"2020","journal-title":"Work and Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2017.1184","article-title":"Tasks interrupted: how anticipating time pressure on resumption of an interrupted task causes attention residue and low performance on interrupting tasks and how a \u201cready-to-resume\u201d plan mitigates the effects","volume":"29","year":"2018","journal-title":"Organization Science"},{"key":"key2025010610132075500_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2016.07.006","article-title":"The effect of regulatory focus on attention residue and performance during interruptions","volume":"137","year":"2016","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref029","first-page":"922","article-title":"How to improve employee satisfaction and efficiency through different enterprise social media use","volume":"34","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Enterprise Information Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2012.02.006","article-title":"Cultivating the sense of belonging and motivating user participation in virtual communities: a social capital perspective","volume":"32","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"key2025010610132075500_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.08.005","article-title":"The impact of users' sense of belonging on social media habit formation: empirical evidence from social networking and microblogging websites in China","volume":"43","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-12-2020-0845","article-title":"Understanding the social media interactivity paradox: the effects of social media interactivity on communication quality, work interruptions and job performance","volume":"35","year":"2022","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-02-2017-0058","article-title":"Social media users' share intention and subjective well-being: an empirical study based on WeChat","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Online Information Review"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-03-2020-0234","article-title":"Enterprise social media usage and knowledge hiding: a motivation theory perspective","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1108\/INTR-01-2020-0022","article-title":"How to build employees' relationship capital through different enterprise social media platform use: the moderating role of innovation culture","volume":"31","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-08-2020-0331","article-title":"The impact of enterprise social media use on employee performance: a grounded theory approach","volume":"35","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Enterprise Information Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941211051988","article-title":"Work engagement: a meta-analysis using the job demands-resources model","volume":"126","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2094833","article-title":"Social media use in professional organizations: boosting and draining workforce","volume":"42","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behavior and Information Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000278","article-title":"When daily planning improves employee performance: the importance of planning type, engagement, and interruptions","volume":"103","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref040","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predicting the factors of employee agility using enterprise social media: moderating effects of enterprise social media-related strain","volume":"31","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206319887428","article-title":"Pardon the interruption: an integrative review and future research agenda for research on work interruptions","volume":"46","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000875","article-title":"Excuse me, do you have a minute? An exploration of the dark-and bright-side effects of daily work interruptions for employee well-being","volume":"106","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2010.0327","article-title":"Understanding input events: a model of employees' responses to requests for their input","volume":"37","year":"2012","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000343","article-title":"Boxed in by your inbox: implications of daily e-mail demands for managers' leadership behaviors","volume":"104","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref046","article-title":"Impact of the usage of social media in the workplace on team and employee performance","volume":"56","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"key":"key2025010610132075500_ref047","unstructured":"Soper, D.S. (2013), \u201cA-priori sample size calculator for structural equation models [Software]\u201d, available at: http:\/\/www.danielsoper.com\/statcalc"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref048","article-title":"Moderating role of enterprise social media use in work engagement","volume":"59","year":"2022","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"key2025010610132075500_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.10.040","article-title":"Motivational rigidity enhances multitasking performance: the role of handling interruptions","volume":"106","year":"2017","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref050","article-title":"Worker stress in the age of mobile technology: the combined effects of perceived interruption overload and worker control","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Strategic Information Systems"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-01-2019-0021","article-title":"Linkage between social identity creation and social networking site usage: the moderating role of usage intensity","volume":"33","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Enterprise Information Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref052","article-title":"How social media usage affects employees' job satisfaction and turnover intention: an empirical study in China","volume":"56","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1108\/INTR-07-2020-0409","article-title":"Impact of task characteristics on employee agility: the moderating effect of enterprise social media visibility","volume":"31","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"key":"key2025010610132075500_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1348\/096317999166581","article-title":"Temporal factors in mental work: effects of interrupted activities","volume":"72","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025010610132075500_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v13i2.1169","article-title":"Do work beliefs moderate the relationship between work interruptions, wellbeing and psychosomatic symptoms?","volume":"13","year":"2017","journal-title":"Europe's Journal of Psychology"}],"container-title":["Information Technology &amp; People"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-02-2022-0103\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-02-2022-0103\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:54:20Z","timestamp":1753394060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/itp\/article\/38\/1\/180-197\/1241253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/ITP-02-2022-0103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/itp-02-2022-0103","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-3845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-3845","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]}}}