{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T22:23:32Z","timestamp":1774563812470,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of the drivers of participation in online business forums (OBFs). Specifically, it examines how reciprocity and three distinct types of needs (functional, psychological and hedonic) shape the participation behaviour of members in OBFs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study employs a multilevel analysis, integrating Social Exchange Theory and Uses and Gratification Theory to develop and validate a research framework. Data were collected via online questionnaires (N\u00a0=\u00a0596) from 48 business forums on LinkedIn. The data analysis was carried out using PLS-SEM in stages. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out to assess the measurement model, including validating the reliability and validity of the measurement items. The direct hypotheses were tested, followed by a post ad-hoc analysis to test the mediation and moderation hypotheses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study shows the impact of three need factors \u2013 functional, psychological and hedonic \u2013 and reciprocity on community members' participation behaviour in OBFs. The findings indicate that fulfiling functional, psychological and hedonic needs are key determinants driving active participation. The study further highlights the coexistence of two types of reciprocity: direct and indirect. However, the data analysis results show that only indirect reciprocity motivates participation in OBFs. Furthermore, the study reveals that indirect reciprocity not only precedes participation but also acts as a pivotal factor interacting with the interrelationship between the need factors and participation levels in OBFs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research advances theoretical understanding of participation in OBFs by offering novel insights into its complex, multi-faceted nature. Unlike some previous simplistic models, this study employs innovative multilevel analysis, uniquely demonstrating the synergistic impact of need factors and reciprocity on participation. It offers a nuanced perspective previously unexplored by addressing reciprocity\u2019s paradoxical role and uncovering interconnections between various factors. This approach provides groundbreaking insights into OBF dynamics, advancing theoretical understanding while offering actionable strategies for enhancing member engagement and community development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itp-02-2024-0273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T08:54:02Z","timestamp":1726822442000},"page":"2821-2846","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The determinants of participation in online business forums: exploring the interplay of need factors and reciprocity"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1156-5800","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebwar Kamal","family":"Gharib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Business in Society, Coventry University , ,","place":["Coventry, UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2025111002221380300_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1108\/itp-05-2022-0346","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business-to-business relationships in digital ecosystems: an African perspective","volume":"36","author":"Antai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111002221380300_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270310463626","article-title":"Motivation and barriers to participation in virtual knowledge-sharing communities of practice","volume":"7","author":"Ardichvili","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111002221380300_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfbs.2013.12.002","article-title":"A comparative study of CB-SEM and PLS-SEM for theory development in family firm research","volume":"5","author":"Astrachan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of family business strategy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111002221380300_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5465\/amd.2018.0003","article-title":"AMD-clarifying what we are about and where we are going","volume":"4","author":"Bamberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Academy of Management Discoveries"},{"key":"2025111002221380300_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203792643","volume-title":"Exchange and Power in Social Life","author":"Blau","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111002221380300_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2307\/25148669","article-title":"Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate","volume":"29","author":"Bock","year":"2005","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111002221380300_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.15195\/v8.a10","article-title":"Abductive logic of inquiry for quantitative research in the digital age","volume":"8","author":"Brandt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sociological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111002221380300_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2010.03.001","article-title":"To give or to receive? 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