{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T11:41:43Z","timestamp":1775734903097,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]],"date-time":"2017-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ITP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence of patterns that combine innovation and information and communication technologies (ICT) use, and the factors explaining them in the European Union.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors use data for firms and households at the regional level in the EU-27. Factorial and cluster analyses are used to the determine combined patterns for both dimensions and to elaborate a taxonomy of the European regions, respectively. Finally, the multiple discriminant analysis serves to identify the factors that characterize the patterns detected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show the existence of three regional clusters that capture different combinations of patenting and ICT use. Research and development (R&amp;D) expenditure in the business sector, government quality, gross domestic product per capita, the number of researchers, and employment by the highest level of education attained are the key variables explaining the disparities in innovation and ICT use in the European regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The conclusions point to the key role played by business R&amp;D and knowledge resources within an institutional framework that facilitates actions oriented to benefiting regions through both knowledge creation and knowledge diffusion derived from the combined activities of innovation and ICT use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper provides for the first time a characterization of the European regions that jointly considers innovation and ICT use. It also contributes to the literature by exploring differences in ICT use by households and firms, and the factors explaining them. The study can provide new insights into the design of public policies that may consider the common factors that explain combinations of innovation and technology use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itp-05-2015-0098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]],"date-time":"2017-04-20T07:22:55Z","timestamp":1492672975000},"page":"424-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Innovation and ICT use by firms and households in the EU"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Margarita","family":"Billon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Lera-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref001","first-page":"2","article-title":"R&D productivity in Europe: towards a regional taxonomy in the European Union","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harvard Deusto Business Research"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref002","article-title":"Regional innovation systems in EU-10: a tipology and police recommendations","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/0971721814561394","article-title":"Assessment of technological capabilities of OIC","volume":"20","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science Technology & Society"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref004","unstructured":"Benhabib, J. and Spiegel, M. (2005), \u201cHuman capital and technology diffusion\u201d, in Aghion, P. and Durlauf, S.N. (Eds), Handbook of Economic Growth, Vol. 1 Part A: Handbooks in Economics, Elsevier & North-Holland, Amsterdam and San Diego, CA, pp. 935-966."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/09654310701748009","article-title":"The spatial distribution of the internet in the European Union: does geographical proximity matter?","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Planning Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2257.2008.00461.x","article-title":"Spatial effects in website adoption by firms in European regions","volume":"40","year":"2009","journal-title":"Growth and Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA9466","article-title":"Identifying technology spillovers and product market rivalry","volume":"81","year":"2013","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clusters industriales e innovaci\u00f3n regional: Una evaluaci\u00f3n e implicaciones para la cohesi\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica (Industrial clusters and regional innovation: an assessment and implications for economic cohesion)","volume":"19","year":"2010","journal-title":"Revista Galega de Econom\u00eda"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2010.02.016","article-title":"The determinants of regional innovation in Europe: a combined factorial and regression knowledge production function approach","volume":"39","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/grow.12012","article-title":"Regional innovation patterns and the EU regional policy reform: toward smart innovation policies","volume":"44","year":"2013","journal-title":"Growth and Change"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capello, R. and Spairani, A. (2004), \u201cThe role of collective learning in ICT adoption and use\u201d, in De Groot, H.L., Nijkamp, P. and Strough, R.R. (Eds), Entrepreneurship and Regional Economic Development, A Spatial Perspective, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, pp. 198-224.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781781959602.00017"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref012","article-title":"Smart specialisation and Cohesion policy \u2013 a strategy for all regions?","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-014-0702-y","article-title":"Mapping the regional divide in Europe: a measure for assessing quality of government in 206 European regions","volume":"122","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref013","unstructured":"Comin, D.A. and Mestieri, M. (2013), \u201cTechnology diffusion: measurement, causes and consequences\u201d, Working Paper No. 19052, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, May 8."},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1108\/14601060610663532","article-title":"Creativity is not enough: ICT\u2010enabled strategic innovation","volume":"9","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Innovation Management"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref015","unstructured":"Cooke, P. and Morgan, K. (1994), \u201cThe creative milieu: a regional perspective on innovation\u201d, in Dodgson, R. (Ed.), The Handbook of Industrial Innovation, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 25-32."},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref016","volume-title":"Innovation and Regional Growth in the European Union","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbm030","article-title":"The territorial dynamics of innovation: a Europe-United States comparative analysis","volume":"7","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Geography"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2012.09.003","article-title":"Digital divide across the European Union","volume":"49","year":"2012","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/13600810500137889","article-title":"Policy reform, economic growth and the digital divide","volume":"33","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oxford Development Studies"},{"issue":"17","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2012.663474","article-title":"Regional clusters of innovative activity in Europe: are social capital and geographical proximity key determinants?","volume":"45","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applied Economics"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2013.864032","article-title":"Location and adoption of ICT innovations in the agrifood industry","volume":"21","year":"2014","journal-title":"Applied Economics Letters"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref022","volume-title":"Fifth European Working Conditions Survey","author":"Eurofound","year":"2012"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref023","article-title":"Regional policy contributing to smart growth in Europe 2020","author":"European Commission","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref024","article-title":"Turning Europe intro a true innovation Union","author":"European Commission","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref025","article-title":"A digital agenda for Europe","author":"European Commission","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref026","unstructured":"European Commission (2010d), \u201cMeasuring quality of government and sub-national variation\u201d, report for the EU Commission of Regional Development, Brussels."},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref027","volume-title":"Innovation Union Scoreboard 2015","author":"European Commission","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref028","unstructured":"Eurostat (2013), \u201cGeneral and regional statistics\u201d, available at: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/data\/database (accessed October 20, 2014)."},{"issue":"8","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1080\/10438599.2014.918438","article-title":"The economic impact of digital technologies in Europe","volume":"23","year":"2014","journal-title":"Economics of Innovation and New Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1435-5957.2005.00021.x","article-title":"Frontiers of the new economic geography","volume":"84","year":"2005","journal-title":"Papers in Regional Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1068\/a43167","article-title":"ICT intensity of use and the geography of firms","volume":"43","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environment and Planning A"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref032","unstructured":"Gareis, K., Husing, T., Birov, S., Bludova, I., Schulz, C. and Korte, W.B. (2014), \u201cE-Skills for jobs in Europe: measuring progress and moving ahead\u201d, final report, European Commission, Bonn, February."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1006\/juec.1996.2031","article-title":"Information technology and the future of cities","volume":"43","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Economics"},{"issue":"4\/5","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref034","first-page":"603","article-title":"Models of technology diffusion","volume":"29","year":"2000","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/09654310601078788","article-title":"Innovation in regions","volume":"15","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Planning Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00191-004-0234-8","article-title":"Industrial structure and innovation \u2013 evidence from European regions","volume":"14","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Economics"},{"issue":"7\/8","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref037","first-page":"363","article-title":"Spatial dimensions of internet activity","volume":"26","year":"2002","journal-title":"Telecommunications Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoecopol.2006.05.001","article-title":"A spatial taxonomy of broadband regions in the United States","volume":"18","year":"2006","journal-title":"Information Economics and Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00181-007-0176-8","article-title":"Patents, R&D and lag effects: evidence from flexible methods for count panel data on manufacturing firms","volume":"35","year":"2008","journal-title":"Empirical Economics"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref040","volume-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis, a Global Perspective","year":"2010","edition":"7th ed."},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref041","article-title":"Diffusion of general purpose technologies","year":"1996"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/1043859042000269106","article-title":"Does experience matter? Innovations and the productivity of information and communication technologies","volume":"14","year":"2005","journal-title":"Economics of Innovation and New Technology"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref043","unstructured":"Hughes, G., Gareis, K., Assis, J., Cornford, J., Richardson, R. and Sokol, M. (2008), \u201cBenchmarking & Fostering transformative use of ICT in EU regions\u201d, EU FP6 \u2013 SSA, DG Infso, Report TRANSFORM\/Empirica, Bonn."},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref044","volume-title":"Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis","year":"2007","edition":"6th ed."},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref045","unstructured":"Karlsson, C., Maier, G., Trippl, M., Siedschlag, I., Owen, R. and Murphy, G. (2010), \u201cICT and regional economic dynamics: a literature review\u201d, JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, European Commission, Brussels."},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref046","unstructured":"Karshenas, M. and Stoneman, P. (1995), \u201cTechnological diffusion\u201d, in Karshenas, M. and Stoneman, P. (Eds), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 265-297."},{"issue":"10\/11","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref047","first-page":"872","article-title":"Internet diffusion in China: a dynamic panel data analysis","volume":"36","year":"2012","journal-title":"Telecommunications Policy"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref048","volume-title":"National Systems of Innovation. Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning","year":"1992"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1435-5957.2007.00130.x","article-title":"Space versus networks in the geography of innovation: a European analysis","volume":"86","year":"2007","journal-title":"Papers in Regional Science"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref050","volume-title":"Industrial Research and Technological Innovation","year":"1968"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref051","article-title":"E-procurement adoption among Italian firms by using domain names","year":"2006"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref052","article-title":"Disparities in ICT take-up and usage between EU regions","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-005-0021-y","article-title":"Geographical and sectoral clusters of innovation in Europe","volume":"39","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Regional Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1068\/a37341","article-title":"Spatial spillovers and innovation activity in European regions","volume":"37","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environment and Planning A"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1080\/09654310600933330","article-title":"Innovation clusters in the European regions","volume":"14","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Planning Studies"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref056","article-title":"The power to shape a region: decentralisation of political decisions","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref057","article-title":"From subsidiarity to success: the impact of decentralisation on economic growth","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32270-9_1","article-title":"The complex relationship between ICT and innovation in services: a literature review","volume":"124","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lecture notes in Business Information Processing"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1068\/c0884r","article-title":"Patterns of innovation in the EU-25 regions: a typology and policy recommendations","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environment and Planning C"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref060","volume-title":"National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref061","first-page":"69","article-title":"Investment in humans, technological diffusion, and economic growth","volume":"51","year":"1966","journal-title":"American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2014.10.006","article-title":"Assessment of the gap and (non-) internet users evolution based on population biology dynamics","volume":"39","year":"2015","journal-title":"Telecommunications Policy"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref063","unstructured":"NESTA (2007), \u201cHidden Innovation: How innovation happens in six \u2018low innovation\u2019 sectors\u201d, Research report, NESTA, London, June."},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264204256-en","volume-title":"OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills","author":"OECD","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref065","volume-title":"The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities","author":"OECD and Eurostat","year":"2005","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref066","unstructured":"Osorio-Urz\u00faa, C.A. (2008), \u201cThe missing link: why does ICT matter for innovation? Exploring the effect of information and communication technologies on innovation-based competitiveness\u201d, The Global Information Technology Report 2007-2008: Fostering Innovation through Networked Readiness, World Economic Forum, pp. 39-56."},{"issue":"6\/7","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref067","first-page":"483","article-title":"The broadband digital divide and the economic benefits of mobile broadband for rural areas","volume":"37","year":"2013","journal-title":"Telecommunications Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/00343400701654186","article-title":"Research and development, spillovers, innovation systems, and the genesis of regional growth in Europe","volume":"42","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref069","volume-title":"Diffusion of Innovations","year":"2003","edition":"5th ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4983(72)90001-0","article-title":"Factors affecting the diffusion of technology","volume":"10","year":"1972","journal-title":"Explorations in Economic History"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2009.11.003","article-title":"What really matters: regional versus individual determinants of the digital divide in Germany","volume":"39","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/10196780601136799","article-title":"Importance and use of information technology in small and medium-sized companies","volume":"17","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electronic Markets"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1108\/14468951211213859","article-title":"Developing e-skills for competitiveness, growth and employment in the 21st century. The European perspective","volume":"11","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Development Issues"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2014.03.014","article-title":"Creativity and regional innovation: evidence from EU regions","volume":"43","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stiakakis, E., Kariotellis, P. and Vlachopoulou, M. (2010), \u201cFrom the digital divide to digital inequality: a secondary research in the European Union\u201d, in Sideridis, A.B. and Patrikakis, C.Z. (Eds), E-Democracy 2009, LNICST 26, Springer-Verlag, BE, pp. 43-54.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-11631-5_4"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/jnlecg\/lbh027","article-title":"Buzz: face-to-face contact and the urban economy","volume":"4","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Geography"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2007.07.013","article-title":"Regional knowledge spillovers: fact or artifact?","volume":"37","year":"2008","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref078","article-title":"Business innovation and the use of information and communications technology \u2013 an update","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/0969776411428498","article-title":"Innovation and knowledge sourcing of modern sectors in old industrial regions: comparing software firms in Moravia-Silesia and Upper Austria","volume":"20","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Urban and Regional Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/0969776409340866","article-title":"The spatial distribution of internet backbone networks in Europe","volume":"16","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Urban and Regional Studies"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref081","unstructured":"Trippl, M. and Toedtling, F. (2008), \u201cRegional innovation cultures\u201d, paper presented at the Entrepreneurship and Innovation \u2013 Organizations, Institutions, Systems and Regions Conference, Copenhagen, June 17-20, available at: www2.druid.dk\/conferences\/viewpaper.php?id=3017&cf=29 (accessed February 20, 2016)."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-009-0293-8","article-title":"The spatial hierarchy of technological change and economic development in Europe","volume":"45","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Regional Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2010.12.013","article-title":"Assessing the regional digital divide across the European Union-27","volume":"35","year":"2011","journal-title":"Telecommunications Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/10438599.2011.562358","article-title":"European infrastructure networks and regional innovation in science-based technologies","volume":"20","year":"2011","journal-title":"Economics of Innovation and New Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2020120700442562400_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440400109","article-title":"The geographies of the internet","volume":"40","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annual Review of Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref087","volume-title":"The European Union Explained: Digital Agenda for Europe","author":"European Commission","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2020120700442562400_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1787\/sti_outlook-2012-en","volume-title":"Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012","author":"OECD","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Information Technology &amp; People"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-05-2015-0098\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-05-2015-0098\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:54:46Z","timestamp":1753394086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/itp\/article\/30\/2\/424-448\/176275"}},"subtitle":["A multivariate analysis of regional disparities"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/ITP-05-2015-0098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/itp-05-2015-0098","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-3845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-3845","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]]}}}