{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T03:42:15Z","timestamp":1769830935224,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ITP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, online assessment has become the dominant mode of examination in higher education institutions. However, there are contradictory findings on how students perceive online assessment and its impact on their academic performance. Thus, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential impact of online assessment on students' academic performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study proposes a research model based on the task\u2013technology fit theory and empirically validates the model using a survey from students in the UK. In addition, the study conducted four experiments based on paper-based and online assessments and analysed the data using paired sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test and structural equation modelling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings show that the use of online assessment has a positive impact on students' academic performance. Similarly, the results from the experiment also indicate that students perform better using online assessments than paper-based assessments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings provide crucial evidence needed to shape policy towards institutionalising online assessment. In addition, the findings provide assurance to students, academics, administrators and policymakers that carefully designed online assessments can improve students' academic performance. Moreover, the study also provides important insights for curriculum redesign towards transitioning to online assessment in higher education institutions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study advances research by offering a more nuanced understanding of online assessment on students' academic performance since the majority of previous studies have offered contradictory findings. In addition, the study moves beyond existing research by complementing assessment results with the views of students in evaluating the impact of online assessment on their academic performance. Second, the study develops and validates a research model that explains how the fits between technology and assessment tasks influence students' academic performance. Lastly, the study provides evidence to support the wide use of online assessment in higher education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itp-05-2021-0377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T01:47:46Z","timestamp":1671760066000},"page":"152-170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evaluating the potential impact of online assessment on students' academic performance"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4788-5224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellis L.C.","family":"Osabutey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7126-3826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.K.","family":"Senyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9331-8530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard F.","family":"Bempong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-04-2019-0194","article-title":"Stressed decision makers and use of decision aids: a literature review and conceptual model","volume":"33","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.2003.9901667","article-title":"Using information technology in learning: case studies in business and management education programs","volume":"2","year":"2003","journal-title":"Academy of Management Learning and Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-10-2016-0246","article-title":"A conceptual framework highlighting e-learning implementation barriers","volume":"31","year":"2018","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref004","first-page":"4053","article-title":"Online and face-to-face performance on two cognitive tasks in children with williams syndrome","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/02680513.2018.1503529","article-title":"Attitude towards e-assessment: influence of gender, computer usage and level of education","volume":"33","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820600852795","article-title":"A longitudinal perspective regarding the use of VLEs by higher education institutions in the United Kingdom","volume":"14","year":"2006","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref008","first-page":"7","article-title":"Commentary: issues and opinion on structural equation modeling","volume":"22","year":"1998","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8535.00294","article-title":"Paper-based versus computer-based assessment: key factors associated with the test mode","volume":"33","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-03-2018-0017","article-title":"The informational value of feedback choices for performance and revision in a digital assessment game","volume":"15","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interactive Technology and Smart Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12232","article-title":"Benefits and drawbacks of computer-based assessment and feedback systems: student and educator perspectives","volume":"47","year":"2016","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(98)00101-3","article-title":"Extending the technology acceptance model with task-technology fit constructs","volume":"36","year":"1999","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmehdi, H.M. and Ibrahem, A.M. (2019), \u201cOnline summative assessment and its impact on students' academic performance, perception and attitude towards online exams: university of sharjah study case\u201d, in Mateev, M. and Poutziouris, P. (Eds), Creative Business and Social Innovations for a Sustainable Future. Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation (IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development), Springer, Cham, doi: 10.1007\/978-3-030-01662-3_24.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01662-3_24"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iree.2013.04.016","article-title":"Paper and online assignments in economics: a comparison with panel data","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Review of Economics Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.06.004","article-title":"Online formative assessment in higher education: a review of the literature","volume":"57","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.41.12.1827","article-title":"Understanding user evaluations of information systems","volume":"41","year":"1995","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2307\/249689","article-title":"Task-technology fit and individual performance","volume":"19","year":"1995","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2013.01.001","article-title":"Partial least squares structural equation modeling: rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance","volume":"46","year":"2013","journal-title":"Long Range Planning"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref019","article-title":"Effect of absenteeism on the performance of medical sciences students: gender differences","volume":"26","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medical Education Online"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/09639284.2018.1501716","article-title":"Assessing the use of computer-based assessment-feedback in teaching digital accountants","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accounting Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02602938.2014.881978","article-title":"Student perceptions of their learning and engagement in response to the use of a continuous e-assessment in an undergraduate module","volume":"40","year":"2015","journal-title":"Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref022","article-title":"Refining and extending task\u2013technology fit theory: creation of two task\u2013technology fit scales and empirical clarification of the construct","volume":"56","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.10.007","article-title":"Student engagement with assessment and feedback: some lessons from short-answer free-text e-assessment questions","volume":"58","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-04-2020-0223","article-title":"Continuous e-learning at the workplace: the passport for the future of knowledge","volume":"34","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref049","first-page":"1045","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic challenges and lessons learned by pharmacy educators around the globe","volume":"84","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.06.002","article-title":"Toward an integrated model for designing assessment systems: an analysis of the current status of computer-based assessments in science","volume":"68","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2009.02.006","article-title":"The role of task-technology fit as users' motivation to continue information system use","volume":"25","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.10.021","article-title":"Blended e-assessment: migrating classical exams to the digital world","volume":"62","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.10.020","article-title":"Toward an understanding of the behavioral intention to use a social networking site: an extension of task-technology fit to social-technology fit","volume":"34","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.02.013","article-title":"Students' performance and satisfaction with Web vs paper-based practice quizzes and lecture notes","volume":"53","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/09751122.2016.11890563","article-title":"A study of students' experiences of formative and summative assessment in open distance learning: insights from meta-synthesis","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.10.002","article-title":"A task-technology fit view of learning management system impact","volume":"52","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-018-0025-x","article-title":"Addressing cheating in e-assessment using student authentication and authorship checking systems: teachers' perspectives","volume":"14","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal for Educational Integrity"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.03.028","article-title":"Examining the designs of computer-based assessment and its impact on student engagement, satisfaction, and pass rates","volume":"76","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.09.025","article-title":"The impact of paper-based, computer-based and mobile-based self-assessment on students' science motivation and achievement","volume":"55","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13180","article-title":"Development and validation of an instrument to measure online assessment acceptance in higher education","volume":"53","year":"2022","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"August 2018","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref036","first-page":"288","article-title":"Adoption of multimedia technology for learning and gender difference","volume":"92","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"16","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7664","DOI":"10.3390\/app11167664","article-title":"E-assessment in e-learning degrees: comparison vs face-to-face assessment through perceived stress and academic performance in a longitudinal study","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref038","article-title":"Unearthing antecedents to financial inclusion through FinTech innovations","volume":"98","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-09-2014-0094","article-title":"Preliminary insight into cloud computing adoption in a developing country","volume":"29","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Enterprise Information Management"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/18146627.2016.1202549","article-title":"A story of a journey in implementing an E-assessment system at a South African university","volume":"13","year":"2016","journal-title":"Africa Education Review"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stueduc.2016.10.001","article-title":"E-assessment of online academic courses via students' activities and perceptions","volume":"54","year":"2017","journal-title":"Studies in Educational Evaluation"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/08832323.2014.937676","article-title":"Classroom versus online assessment","volume":"89","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Education for Business"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.10.018","article-title":"Continuance acceptance of computer based assessment through the integration of user's expectations and perceptions","volume":"62","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00037-8","article-title":"Computer-based assessment: a versatile educational tool","volume":"34","year":"2000","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/berj.3215","article-title":"Rethinking assessment in a digital age: opportunities, challenges and risks","volume":"42","year":"2016","journal-title":"British Educational Research Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2024010610163437300_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.07.020","article-title":"Effects of feedback in a computer-based assessment for learning","volume":"58","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"key":"key2024010610163437300_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.10.028","article-title":"Continuance intention to use MOOCs: integrating the technology acceptance model (TAM) and task technology fit (TTF) model","volume":"67","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"}],"container-title":["Information Technology &amp; People"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-05-2021-0377\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-05-2021-0377\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:54:52Z","timestamp":1753394092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/itp\/article\/37\/1\/152-170\/1222199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/ITP-05-2021-0377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/itp-05-2021-0377","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-3845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-3845","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]}}}