{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T23:39:10Z","timestamp":1774395550175,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ITP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper proposes a privacy-preserving artificial intelligence-enabled video surveillance technology to monitor social distancing in public spaces.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper proposes a new Responsible Artificial Intelligence Implementation Framework to guide the proposed solution's design and development. It defines responsible artificial intelligence criteria that the solution needs to meet and provides checklists to enforce the criteria throughout the process. To preserve data privacy, the proposed system incorporates a federated learning approach to allow computation performed on edge devices to limit sensitive and identifiable data movement and eliminate the dependency of cloud computing at a central server.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed system is evaluated through a case study of monitoring social distancing at an airport. The results discuss how the system can fully address the case study's requirements in terms of its reliability, its usefulness when deployed to the airport's cameras, and its compliance with responsible artificial intelligence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper makes three contributions. First, it proposes a real-time social distancing breach detection system on edge that extends from a combination of cutting-edge people detection and tracking algorithms to achieve robust performance. Second, it proposes a design approach to develop responsible artificial intelligence in video surveillance contexts. Third, it presents results and discussion from a comprehensive evaluation in the context of a case study at an airport to demonstrate the proposed system's robust performance and practical usefulness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itp-07-2020-0534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T01:12:02Z","timestamp":1626311522000},"page":"998-1022","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Privacy-preserving AI-enabled video surveillance for social distancing: responsible design and deployment for public spaces"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7342-3045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nehemia","family":"Sugianto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7446-2839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dian","family":"Tjondronegoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0577-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosemary","family":"Stockdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1400-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Irenne","family":"Yuwono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2024031800483936700_ref501","first-page":"308","article-title":"Deep learning with differential privacy","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2024031800483936700_ref001","first-page":"555","article-title":"Locating friends and family using mobile phones with global positioning system (GPS)","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2024031800483936700_ref002","volume-title":"Security Cameras","author":"Australian Government Office of the Australian Information Commissioner","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2024031800483936700_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-10-2014-0232","article-title":"Information disclosure of social media users: does control over personal information, user awareness and security notices matter?","volume":"28","year":"2015","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"key":"key2024031800483936700_ref004","first-page":"3464","article-title":"Simple online and realtime tracking","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2024031800483936700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2018.12.001","article-title":"An automatic traffic density estimation using Single Shot Detection (SSD) and MobileNet-SSD","volume":"110","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"key2024031800483936700_ref006","volume-title":"Reimagining the Office and Work Life after COVID-19","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2024031800483936700_ref007","article-title":"The AI transparency paradox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"key2024031800483936700_ref601","first-page":"161","article-title":"Online multi-object tracking with instance-aware tracker and dynamic model refreshment","year":"2019","journal-title":"2019 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)"},{"key":"key2024031800483936700_ref008","first-page":"3","article-title":"When machines think for us: the consequences for work and place","volume-title":"Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2024031800483936700_ref009","article-title":"A \u2018pandemic drone\u2019 and other technology could help limit the spread of coronavirus and ease restrictions sooner, but at what cost?","year":"2020","journal-title":"ABC News"},{"key":"key2024031800483936700_ref010","volume-title":"Physical Distancing for Coronavirus (COVID-19)","author":"Department of Health, A. 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