{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T12:20:38Z","timestamp":1782476438817,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ITP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study is to investigate communication on Twitter during two unpredicted crises (the Manchester bombings and the Munich shooting) and one natural disaster (Hurricane Harvey). The study contributes to understanding the dynamics of convergence behaviour archetypes during crises.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors collected Twitter data and analysed approximately 7.5 million relevant cases. The communication was examined using social network analysis techniques and manual content analysis to identify convergence behaviour archetypes (CBAs). The dynamics and development of CBAs over time in crisis communication were also investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results revealed the dynamics of influential CBAs emerging in specific stages of a crisis situation. The authors derived a conceptual visualisation of convergence behaviour in social media crisis communication and introduced the terms hidden and visible network-layer to further understanding of the complexity of crisis communication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results emphasise the importance of well-prepared emergency management agencies and support the following recommendations: (1) continuous and (2) transparent communication during the crisis event as well as (3) informing the public about central information distributors from the start of the crisis are vital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study uncovered the dynamics of crisis-affected behaviour on social media during three cases. It provides a novel perspective that broadens our understanding of complex crisis communication on social media and contributes to existing knowledge of the complexity of crisis communication as well as convergence behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itp-10-2019-0537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T01:11:08Z","timestamp":1610500268000},"page":"232-258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Dynamics of convergence behaviour in social media crisis communication \u2013 a complexity perspective"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9455-5773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milad","family":"Mirbabaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4366-1840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Stieglitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1825-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Br\u00fcnker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551515574974","article-title":"The structural effects of sharing function on Twitter networks: focusing on the retweet function","volume":"41","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-04-2019-0177","article-title":"News you can use! Evaluating the effectiveness of newsjacking based content on social media","volume":"33","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000546","article-title":"Factors and measures of business process modelling: model building through a multiple case study","volume":"14","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Information Systems"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref004","unstructured":"Bartmann, M. (2017), \u201cAls der Schrecken nach M\u00fcnchen kam\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.br.de\/nachrichten\/oberbayern\/inhalt\/amoklauf-oez-jahrestag-rueckblick-100.html (accessed 16 July 2020)."},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref005","article-title":"Manchester attack: what we know so far","author":"BBC","year":"2017","journal-title":"BBC News UK"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1108\/09593840610649952","article-title":"Toward a complexity theory of information systems development","volume":"19","year":"2006","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jit.2000080","article-title":"Using coevolutionary and complexity theories to improve IS alignment: a multi-level approach","volume":"21","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Special issue: complexity and is research complexity and information systems research in the emerging digital world 1","volume":"44","year":"2020","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref200","article-title":"National hurricane center tropical cyclone report: Hurricane Harvey","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Strategies and influence of social bots in a 2017 German state election - a case study on Twitter","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref010","article-title":"Collective identity formation on Instagram \u2013 investigating the social movement Fridays for future","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref011","article-title":"\u2018The tireless selling-machine\u2019 \u2013 commercial deployment of social bots during Black Friday season on Twitter","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref012","article-title":"The role of social media during social movements \u2013 observations from the # metoo debate on Twitter","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref013","first-page":"1","article-title":"Convergence behaviour of bystanders: an analysis of 2016 Munich shooting Twitter crisis communication","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref014","article-title":"\u2018Leveraging web 2.0 in government\u2019, E-government\/technology series","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-10-2012-0116","article-title":"Don't give up the community: a viewpoint of trust development in online collaboration","volume":"26","year":"2013","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.00164","article-title":"Complex systems in crisis: anticipation and resilience in dynamic environments","volume":"9","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14742837.2015.1055722","article-title":"Masses, crowds, communities, movements: collective action in the internet age","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social Movement Studies"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref018","first-page":"4","article-title":"The impact of disaster typology on social media use by emergency services agencies: the case of the Boston marathon bombing","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2307\/258557","article-title":"Building theories from case study research published by: academy of management stable","volume":"14","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref020","volume-title":"Agent Zero: Toward Neurocognitive Foundations for Generative Social Science","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2017.08.001","article-title":"A hands-on guide to doing content analysis","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"African Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F. and Flammini, A. (2014), \u201cThe rise of social bots\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 59 No. 7, pp. 96-104, doi: 10.1145\/2818717.","DOI":"10.1145\/2818717"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref023","article-title":"Communication barriers in crisis management: a literature review","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"Convergence Behavior in Disasters: A Problem in Social Control","year":"1957","DOI":"10.2307\/2088638"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/000271625730900107","article-title":"The human being in disasters: a research perspective","volume":"309","year":"1957","journal-title":"The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref026","article-title":"Knowledge flow in online communities: a study of the relationship between knowledge complexity, online collaboration, and knowledge flow","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref027","volume-title":"Complexity: A Very Short Introduction","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref028","first-page":"248","article-title":"Twitter adoption and use in mass convergence and emergency events","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref029","article-title":"\u2018Site-seeing\u2019 in disaster: an examination of on-line social convergence","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1108\/09593840610649943","article-title":"Taking complexity seriously in IS research","volume":"19","year":"2006","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref031","first-page":"97","article-title":"Reconsidering convergence and converger legitimacy in response to the world trade center disaster","volume-title":"Terrorism and Disaster: New Threats, New Ideas","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00390","article-title":"ICT-enabled community empowerment in crisis response: social media in Thailand flooding 2011","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/1522637918770419","article-title":"Roots, routes, and routers: communications and media of contemporary social movements","volume":"20","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journalism and Communication Monographs"},{"issue":"May","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref035","first-page":"576","article-title":"Exploring extreme events on social media: a comparison of user reposting\/retweeting behaviors on Twitter and Weibo","volume":"65","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref036","first-page":"209","article-title":"Why do people retweet? Anti-Homophily wins the day!","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2010.00908.x","article-title":"Sensemaking in crisis and change: inspiration and insights from Weick (1988)","volume":"47","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Management Studies"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.01.004","article-title":"Understanding user participation in online communities: a systematic literature review of empirical studies","volume":"46","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref039","article-title":"Is it really fake? \u2013 towards an understanding of fake news in social media communication","volume-title":"Social Computing and Social Media. User Experience and Behavior, Lecture Notes in Computer Science","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref040","volume-title":"Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2019.1611924","article-title":"\u2018Breaking\u2019 news: uncovering sense-breaking patterns in social media crisis communication during the 2017 Manchester bombing","volume":"39","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behaviour and Information Technology"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref042","first-page":"2169","article-title":"Sensemaking in social media crisis situations - a case study on the Brussels bombing in 2016","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref043","article-title":"#IronyOff \u2013 understanding the usage of irony on Twitter during a corporate crisis","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref044","article-title":"Examining convergence behaviour during crisis situations on social media - a case study on the Manchester bombing 2017","year":"2018","journal-title":"Smart Working, Living and Organizing IFIP WG 8.6 International Conference on Transfer and Diffusion of IT"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-019-09917-x","article-title":"Who sets the tone? Determining the impact of convergence behaviour archetypes in social media crisis communication","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information Systems Frontiers"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2F0268396220929258","article-title":"Social media in times of crisis: learning from Hurricane Harvey for the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic response","volume":"34","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2019\/15505","article-title":"Fake news on social media: people believe what they want to believe when it makes no sense at all","volume":"43","year":"2019","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085x.2020.1771222","article-title":"A multi-level influence model of COVID-19 themed cybercrime","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Information Systems"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref049","unstructured":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2018), \u201cBillion-dollar weather and climate disasters: overview\u201d, 2nd Quarter Release, available at: https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/billions\/ (accessed 23 June 2018)."},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref050","unstructured":"NWS (2017), \u201cMajor Hurricane Harvey - August 25-29, 2017\u201d, Weather.Gov, available at: https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/crp\/hurricane_harvey (accessed 28 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref051","first-page":"1","article-title":"A sociotechnical vie of information diffusion and social changes: from reprint to retweet","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2013\/37.2.05","article-title":"Research article community intelligence and social media services: a rumor theoretic analysis of tweets during social crises 1","volume":"37","year":"2013","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2015.0565","article-title":"Research note\u2014role of social media in social change: an analysis of collective sense making during the 2011 Egypt revolution","volume":"26","year":"2015","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"January","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref054","first-page":"18","article-title":"Practice-driven research on enterprise transformation","volume":"120","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref055","volume-title":"Diversity and Complexity","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-073014-112230","article-title":"What sociologists should know about complexity","volume":"41","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mathsocsci.2010.03.007","article-title":"Trust, influence, and convergence of behavior in social networks","volume":"60","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mathematical Social Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00283","article-title":"Crisis response information networks","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"issue":"Special Issue","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref059","first-page":"341","article-title":"The past, present, and future of \u2018 IS success\u2019","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Informaiton Systems"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.02.004","article-title":"Didn't roger that: social media message complexity and situational awareness of emergency responders","volume":"40","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref061","first-page":"22","article-title":"Soziale Medien und Apps in Notsituationen: eine repr\u00e4sentative Studie \u00fcber die Wahrnehmung in Deutschland","volume":"2","year":"2018","journal-title":"BBK Bev\u00f6lkerungsschutz"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref062","first-page":"2525","article-title":"The diffusion of crisis-related communication on social media: an empirical analysis of Facebook reactions","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.118701","article-title":"Quantifying self-organization with optimal predictors","volume":"93","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref064","first-page":"22","article-title":"The complexity paradigm for studying human communication: a summary and integration of two fields","volume":"3","year":"2015","journal-title":"Review of Communication Research"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref065","first-page":"127","article-title":"Finding community through information and communication technology during disaster events","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","volume-title":"Human Problem Solving: The State of the Theory in 1970, American Psychologist","year":"1972","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030806"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2015.07.001","article-title":"Socializing in emergencies - a review of the use of social media in emergency situations","volume":"35","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref068","article-title":"Pass it on?: retweeting in mass emergency","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Tweak the tweet: leveraging microblogging proliferation with a prescriptive syntax to support citizen reporting","year":"2010","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01243.x"},{"issue":"17","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1362\/146934703771910080","article-title":"An overview of content analysis","volume":"7","year":"2001","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref071","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Sensemaking and communication roles in social media crisis communication","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref072","article-title":"The adoption of social media analytics for crisis management-challenges and opportunities","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref073","article-title":"Crisis communication on Twitter during a global crisis of Volkswagen - the case of \u2018dieselgate\u2019","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1108\/INTR-05-2018-0197","article-title":"\u2018Silence\u2019 as a strategy during a corporate crisis - the case of Volkswagen's \u2018dieselgate\u2019","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Internet Research"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"An exploration of physical-virtual convergence behaviors in crisis situations","year":"2010","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2010.54"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Online convergence behavior, social media communications and crisis response: an empirical study of the 2015 Nepal earthquake police twitter project","year":"2017","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2017.034"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1109\/SocialCom.2010.33","article-title":"Want to be retweeted? Large scale analytics on factors impacting retweet in Twitter network","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Second International Conference on Social Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref078","first-page":"414","article-title":"Analyzing crisis response through actor-network theory: the case of Kathmandu living labs","volume":"41","year":"2017","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Information Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.2013.11679130","article-title":"Social media use in organizations: exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association","volume":"36","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of the International Communication Association"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2010.01522.x","article-title":"Show me your friends and I will tell you what type of person you are: how one's profile, number of friends, and type of friends influence impression formation on social network sites","volume":"15","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0651","article-title":"It is all about being popular: the effects of need for popularity on social network site use","volume":"15","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref082","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Microblogging during two natural hazards events","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2022011705541017100_ref083","first-page":"705","article-title":"Who says what to whom on twitter","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022011705541017100_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00612","article-title":"The dynamic effects of perceptions of dread risk and unknown risk on sns sharing behavior during eid events: do crisis stages matter?","volume":"21","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"}],"container-title":["Information Technology &amp; People"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-10-2019-0537\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-10-2019-0537\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:55:46Z","timestamp":1753394146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/itp\/article\/35\/1\/232-258\/513981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/ITP-10-2019-0537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/itp-10-2019-0537","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-3845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-3845","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]}}}