{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T05:03:46Z","timestamp":1784869426274,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ITP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Technology access, digital skills, and digital services are increasingly prerequisites for public life and accessing public services. The digital divide in contemporary societies matters for efforts to digitalize the welfare state. Research has already mapped individual determinants of digital exclusion and the existence of an age-related digital divide. However, far less attention has been paid to variations in digital inclusion between countries and to their potential explanations related to political systems. This study explores the influence of variations in welfare regimes on the digital divide among seniors (aged 65+) in Europe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article presents time-series cross-sectional analyses of the relationship between welfare state regimes and digital inclusion among seniors in European countries. The analyses are based on data from Eurostat, the World Bank, and the UN E-Government Survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors find extensive variation in the digital inclusion of citizens between welfare regimes and argue that considering regime differences improves the understanding of these variations. The findings indicate that the age-related digital divide seems to be least evident in countries with more universalistic welfare regimes and most evident in countries where seniors rely more on their families.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first comparative study of the association between welfare state regimes and digital inclusion among seniors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itp-11-2020-0803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T07:50:32Z","timestamp":1658389832000},"page":"273-291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The grey digital divide and welfare state regimes: a comparative study of European countries"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-5606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Alexopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7291-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"\u00c5str\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-8577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1080\/09668130120085029","article-title":"Ethnicity and social exclusion in Estonia and Latvia","volume":"53","year":"2001","journal-title":"Europe-Asia Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref002","first-page":"7","article-title":"Welfare reforms in Central and Eastern Europe: a new type of welfare regime?","volume":"89","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ekonomika"},{"issue":"ahead-of-print","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/GKMC-06-2020-0075","article-title":"The digital divide: a literature review and some directions for future research in light of COVID-19","volume":"ahead-of-print","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4017\/gt.2020.19.003.11","article-title":"The portrait of older people as (non) users of digital technologies: a scoping literature review and a typology of digital older (non) users","volume":"19","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gerontechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.18848\/2576-5310\/CGP\/v10i01\/15-33","article-title":"Borrowed access: the grey digital divide meets the familialist welfare model of Greece","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Aging and Social Change"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref006","first-page":"17","article-title":"An analysis of social inclusion in EU","volume-title":"Annals-Economy Series","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/0952872002012002114","article-title":"Three worlds of welfare capitalism or more? A state-of-the-art report","volume":"12","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of European Social Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.2307\/2673277","article-title":"Comment: the first and second digital divides","volume":"74","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sociology of Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref009","first-page":"147","article-title":"Young users and the digital divide: readers, participants or creators on Internet?","volume":"27","year":"2014","journal-title":"Communication and Society"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.064295","article-title":"Going beyond the three worlds of welfare capitalism: regime theory and public health research","volume":"61","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.polisci.4.1.271","article-title":"Time-series\u2013cross-section data: what have we learned in the past few years?","volume":"4","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Political Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1145\/3205945","article-title":"The ABCs of effectiveness in the digital society","volume":"61","year":"2018","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-07-2017-0235","article-title":"Should I stay or should I go? A study of IT professionals during a national crisis","volume":"32","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref014","article-title":"Do standard classifications still represent European welfare typologies? Novel evidence from studies on health and social care","volume":"281","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref015","article-title":"The digital divide in the liberal state: a Canadian perspective","volume":"5","year":"2000","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/spol.12093","article-title":"Making the technological transition \u2013 citizens' encounters with digital pension services","volume":"49","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Policy and Administration"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref017","article-title":"Welfare state","year":"2020","journal-title":"Encyclopedia Britannica"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref018","first-page":"15","article-title":"What about welfare 4.0?","volume":"18","year":"2017","journal-title":"CESifo Forum"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref019","volume-title":"The Information Society and the Welfare State: the Finnish Model","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/01402380701835140","article-title":"Worlds, families, regimes: country clusters in European and OECD area public policy","volume":"31","year":"2008","journal-title":"West European Politics"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2005.12.002","article-title":"Broadband policy assessment: a cross-national empirical analysis","volume":"30","year":"2006","journal-title":"Telecommunications Policy"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.11.027","article-title":"The education-related digital divide: an analysis for the EU-28","volume":"56","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref023","article-title":"A critique of digital mental health via assessing the psychodigitalisation of the COVID-19 crisis","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychotherapy and Politics International"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref024","article-title":"The impact of ageing on public expenditure: projections for the EU-25 Member States on pensions, health care, long-term care, education and unemployment transfers (2004-50)","author":"Economic Policy Committee and European Commission","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Economy Reports and Studies"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref025","volume-title":"The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/0958928714556976","article-title":"Welfare regimes and social stratification","volume":"25","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of European Social Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref027","first-page":"3","article-title":"Digitalisation of the welfare state","volume":"18","year":"2017","journal-title":"CESifo Forum, ifo Institut \u2013 Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref028","unstructured":"European Commission (2015), \u201cThe 2015 ageing report: economic and budgetary projections for the 28 EU Member States (2013-2060)\u201d, available at: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/economy_finance\/publications\/european_economy\/2015\/pdf\/ee3_en.pdf (accessed 10 October 2021)."},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref029","unstructured":"Eurostat (2017), \u201cCommunity survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals\u201d, available at: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Glossary:Community_survey_on_ICT_usage_in_households_and_by_individuals (accessed 17 September 2020)."},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref030","unstructured":"Eurostat (2020), \u201cIndividuals who have basic or above basic overall digital skills\u201d, available at: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/products-datasets\/product?code=tepsr_sp410 (accessed 17 September 2020)."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2007.01.008","article-title":"Penetration of broadband services: the role of policies","volume":"24","year":"2007","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Welfare regimes in Central and Eastern Europe: incorporating post- communist countries in a welfare regime typology","volume":"3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues and Ideas in Social Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/095892879600600102","article-title":"The \u2018Southern model\u2019 of welfare in social Europe","volume":"6","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of European Social Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439308321628","article-title":"The role of income inequality in a multivariate cross-national analysis of the digital divide","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Science Computer Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/0958928710374374","article-title":"Is there an extended family of Mediterranean welfare states?","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of European Social Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9040371","article-title":"The digital divide in the era of COVID-19: an investigation into an important obstacle to the access to the mHealth by the citizen","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref037","first-page":"64","article-title":"The three levels of the digital divide: barriers in access, use and utility of Internet in young people in Spain","volume":"34","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intera\u00e7\u00f5es: Sociedade e as novas modernidades"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2006.0015","article-title":"Explaining the global digital divide: economic, political and sociological drivers of cross-national Internet use","volume":"84","year":"2005","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcp024","article-title":"The informatization of welfare: older people and the role of digital services","volume":"39","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Work"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref040","article-title":"Second-level digital divide: differences in people's online skills","volume":"7","year":"2002","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192961","article-title":"Using heteroskedasticity-consistent standard error estimators in OLS regression: an introduction and software implementation","volume":"39","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref042","first-page":"89","article-title":"Understanding the complexity of electronic government: implications from the digital divide literature","volume":"26","year":"2005","journal-title":"Government Information Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/14036090310000634","article-title":"Housing and the welfare state in The Netherlands: an application of Esping Andersen's typology","volume":"20","year":"2003","journal-title":"Housing, Theory and Society"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref044","volume-title":"The Multivariate Social Scientist","year":"1999"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/0958928712456572","article-title":"Welfare regimes and welfare state outcomes in Europe","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of European Social Policy"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00071","article-title":"Across the digital divide: a cross-country multi-technology analysis of the determinants of IT penetration","volume":"6","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414006295234","article-title":"The institutional logic of welfare attitudes: how welfare regimes influence public support","volume":"41","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comparative Political Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.14254\/2071-789X.2018\/11-1\/7","article-title":"Welfare state in Central and Eastern Europe","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Economics and Sociology"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref049","first-page":"1","article-title":"Revisiting the development trajectory of the digital divide: a main path analysis approach","volume":"179","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref050","first-page":"31","article-title":"Digital divide and income inequality: a spatial analysis","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Finance"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2307\/1951731","article-title":"Some social requisites of democracy: economic development and political legitimacy","volume":"53","year":"1959","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref052","article-title":"Too old for computers? The longitudinal relationship between stereotype threat and computer use by older adults","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2007.54.1.1","article-title":"The income digital divide: trends and predictions for levels of Internet use","volume":"54","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Problems"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v8i7.1066","article-title":"The \u2018grey digital divide\u2019: perception, exclusion and barriers of access to the Internet for older people","volume":"8","year":"2003","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref055","volume-title":"Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.36251\/josi.93","article-title":"Towards a renewed understanding of the complex nerves of the digital divide","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Social Inclusion"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref057","unstructured":"National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) (1998), \u201cFalling through the Net II: new data on the digital divide\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.ntia.doc.gov\/legacy\/ntiahome\/FY1998\/cy1998annrep.htm (accessed 10 September 2021)."},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref058","unstructured":"National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) (1999), \u201cFalling through the Net III: defining the digital divide\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.ntia.doc.gov\/report\/1999\/falling-through-net-defining-digital-divide (accessed 5 September 2021)."},{"issue":"17","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.07.024","article-title":"Ageing as a risk factor for disease","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niehaves, B. and Becker, J. (2008), \u201cThe age-divide in e-government: data, interpretations, theory fragments\u201d, in Oya, M., Uda, R. and Yasunobu, C. (Eds), Towards Sustainable Society on Ubiquitous Networks (IFIP \u2013 the International Federation for Information Processing Book Series), Springer, Boston, MA, Vol.\u00a0286, pp.\u00a0279-287.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-85691-9_24"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref061","first-page":"133","article-title":"Loneliness amongst older people in Europe: a comparative study of welfare regimes","volume":"16","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Ageing"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref062","unstructured":"Offe, C. (1994), \u201cA non-productivist design for social policies\u201d, in Ferris, F. and Page, R. (Eds), Social Policy in Transition: Anglo-German Perspectives in the New European Community, Avebury, Aldershot, pp.\u00a087-105."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rssm.2006.10.004","article-title":"Welfare states and inequality: institutional designs and distributive outcome","volume":"24","year":"2006","journal-title":"Research in Social Stratification and Mobility"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref064","article-title":"Challenges to modernity: the digital divide","year":"2007"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1057\/hep.2010.24","article-title":"Higher-education policies and welfare regimes: international comparative perspectives","volume":"24","year":"2011","journal-title":"Higher Education Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref066","first-page":"45","article-title":"Understanding social and spatial divisions in the new economy: new media clusters and the digital divide","volume":"80","year":"2008","journal-title":"Economic Geography"},{"issue":"9967","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61347-7","article-title":"The burden of disease in older people and implications for health policy and practice","volume":"385","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/14616690500491423","article-title":"Information society for all? Structural characteristics of Internet use in 15 European countries","volume":"8","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Societies"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa078","article-title":"Impact of the digital divide in the age of COVID-19","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcq055","article-title":"The welfare state and equality? Stratification realities and aspirations in three welfare regimes","volume":"28","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Sociological Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/00113921030515004","article-title":"Convergence or resilience? A hierarchical cluster analysis of the welfare regimes in advanced countries","volume":"51","year":"2003","journal-title":"Current Sociology"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref072","article-title":"Ideology and policy: notes on the shaping of the Internet","volume":"9","year":"2004","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2017.07.007","article-title":"Determinants of Internet skills, uses and outcomes: a systematic review of the second- and third-level digital divide","volume":"34","year":"2017","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1177\/0731121421990053","article-title":"Is there a link between welfare regime and attitudes toward climate policy instruments?","volume":"64","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sociological Perspectives"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref075","article-title":"Understanding the digital divide: a literature survey and ways forward","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1177\/09589287211002370","article-title":"States of violence: exploring welfare state regimes as violence regimes by developing a violence regimes index","volume":"31","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of European Social Policy"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref077","volume-title":"The Media Welfare State: Nordic Media in the Digital Era","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2014.10.001","article-title":"Modern information technology in an old workforce: toward a strategic research agenda","volume":"23","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Strategic Information Systems"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"The quality of government Standard Dataset","year":"2020","DOI":"10.18157\/qogstdjan20"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref080","unstructured":"United Nations (2020), \u201cDigital divide \u2018a matter of life and death\u2019 amid COVID-19 crisis, Secretary-General warns virtual meeting, stressing universal connectivity key for health, development: press release\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.un.org\/press\/en\/2020\/sgsm20118.doc.htm (accessed 10 October 2021)."},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref081","unstructured":"United Nations E-Government Survey (2018), \u201cGearing e-government to support transformation towards sustainable and resilient societies\u201d, available at: www.preventionweb.net\/publications\/view\/59447 (accessed 10 October 2021)."},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref082","unstructured":"United Nations E-Government Survey (2020), \u201cDigital government in the decade of action for sustainable development\u201d, available at: https:\/\/publicadministration.un.org\/egovkb\/en-us\/Reports\/UN-E-Government-Survey-2020 (accessed 10 October 2021)."},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Deursen, A.J.A.M. and Helsper, J.E. (2015), \u201cThe third-level digital divide: who benefits most from being online?\u201d, in Robinson, L., Cotten, S.R., Schulz, J., Hale, T.M. and Williams, A. (Eds), Communication and Information Technologies Annual (Studies in Media and Communications), Vol.\u00a010, Emerald Group, Bingley, pp.\u00a029-52.","DOI":"10.1108\/S2050-206020150000010002"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref084","volume-title":"The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society","year":"2005"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref085","volume-title":"The Digital Divide","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Lancker, W. and Van den Heede, A. (2021), \u201cEconomic equality and the welfare state\u201d, in Levrau, F. and Clycq, N. (Eds), Equality, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp.\u00a0199-230.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54310-5_6"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1090.0273","article-title":"Conceptualizing and testing a social cognitive model of the digital divide","volume":"22","year":"2011","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279412001043","article-title":"Welfare regimes and education regimes: equality of opportunity and expenditure in the EU (and US)","volume":"42","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Social Policy"},{"key":"key2022121205514821700_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-004-2527-6","article-title":"Developing a model for the measurement of social inclusion and social capital in regional Australia","volume":"75","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/0961000606070600","article-title":"Understanding information inequality: making sense of the literature of the information and digital divides","volume":"38","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Librarianship and Information Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022121205514821700_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-01-2013-0022","article-title":"A multidimensional and integrative approach to study global digital divide and e-government development","volume":"27","year":"2014","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"}],"container-title":["Information Technology &amp; People"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-11-2020-0803\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-11-2020-0803\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:55:58Z","timestamp":1753394158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/itp\/article\/35\/8\/273-291\/186234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/ITP-11-2020-0803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/itp-11-2020-0803","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-3845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-3845","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]}}}