{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T02:33:01Z","timestamp":1784860381301,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ITP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Through the lens of Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, this study explores how remote working inhibits employee engagement. The authors offer a fresh perspective on the most salient work- and nonwork-related risk factors that make remote working particularly challenging in the context of Covid-19.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors use data from semi-structured interviews with 32 employees working from home during the Covid-19 lockdown. Based on the interpretivist philosophical approach, the authors offer new insights into how employees can optimize work- and nonwork-related experiences when working remotely.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors show that the sudden transition from in-person to online modes of working during the pandemic brought about work intensification, online presenteeism, employment insecurity and poor adaptation to new ways of working from home. These stress factors are capable of depleting vital social and personal resources, thereby impacting negatively on employee engagement levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Employers, leaders and human resource teams should be more thoughtful about the risks and challenges employees face when working from home. They must ensure employees are properly equipped with the relevant resources and support to perform their jobs more effectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>While previous research has focused on the benefits of remote working, the current study explores how it might be detrimental for employee engagement during a pandemic. The study provides new evidence on the most salient risks and challenges faced by remote workers, and how the unique Covid-19 context has made them more pronounced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itp-12-2020-0850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T23:48:05Z","timestamp":1630108085000},"page":"1835-1850","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Remote working and employee engagement: a qualitative study of British workers during the pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5317-6606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toyin Ajibade","family":"Adisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0704-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chidiebere","family":"Ogbonnaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3490-9362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olatunji David","family":"Adekoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1108\/CDI-04-2017-0064","article-title":"Organizational resources, organizational engagement climate, and employee engagement","volume":"23","year":"2018","journal-title":"Career Development International"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-01-2013-0008","article-title":"Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance","volume":"63","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2016.12.014","article-title":"Employee engagement: do practitioners care what academics have to say\u2013and should they?","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human Resource Management Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2010.485352","article-title":"Key questions regarding work engagement","volume":"20","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/job.1866","article-title":"Strategic alignment with organizational priorities and work engagement: a multi-wave analysis","volume":"35","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behaviour"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2012.03.008","article-title":"Losses loom more likely than gains: propensity to imagine losses increases their subjective probability","volume":"118","year":"2012","journal-title":"Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2020.1756379","article-title":"Resilience in the face of uncertainty: early lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"23","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Risk Research"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref058","first-page":"500","article-title":"Interviews in organisational research","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Sage Handbook of Organisational Research Methods"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pa.2508","article-title":"Employee engagement practices during COVID-19 lockdown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Public Affairs"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1108\/CG-06-2018-0207","article-title":"Corporate social responsibility perceptions and employee engagement: role of psychological meaningfulness, safety and availability","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Corporate Governance"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x","article-title":"Work engagement: a quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance","volume":"64","year":"2011","journal-title":"Personnel Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/ntwe.12065","article-title":"Social support in the workplace between teleworkers, office-based colleagues and supervisors","volume":"31","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Technology, Work and Employment"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/job.145","article-title":"Telecommuting, professional isolation, and employee development in public and private organizations","volume":"23","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behaviour"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref014","volume-title":"Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2011.00301.x","article-title":"Flexible working and performance: a systematic review of the evidence for a business case","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Reviews"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.06.008","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on business and research","volume":"117","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2016.1180312","article-title":"The nature of employee engagement: rethinking the employee\u2013organization relationship","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1108\/MEDAR-10-2016-0083","article-title":"Telephonic qualitative research interviews: when to consider them and how to do them","volume":"25","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meditari Accountancy Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/ntwe.12097","article-title":"Assessing the growth of remote working and its consequences for effort, well-being and work-life balance","volume":"32","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Technology, Work, and Employment"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726713478245","article-title":"Work engagement, job design and the role of the social context at work: exploring antecedents from a relational perspective","volume":"66","year":"2013","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref021","volume-title":"Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-018-9530-4","article-title":"Unpacking the role of a telecommuter's job in their performance: examining job complexity, problem solving, interdependence, and social support","volume":"34","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2307\/258214","article-title":"Sources of conflict between work and family roles","volume":"10","year":"1985","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/19368623.2020.1788231","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on hospitality industry: review of the current situations and a research agenda","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206314527130","article-title":"Getting to the 'COR' understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory","volume":"40","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.87.2.268","article-title":"Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: a meta-analysis","volume":"87","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513","article-title":"Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress","volume":"44","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/1464-0597.00062","article-title":"The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: advancing conservation of resources theory","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"Applied Psychology: An International Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.2010.02016.x","article-title":"Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings","volume":"84","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.3.632","article-title":"Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women","volume":"84","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2750","article-title":"How are changes in exposure to job demands and job resources related to burnout and engagement? A longitudinal study among Chinese nurses and police officers","volume":"33","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000179","article-title":"The rich get richer and the poor get poorer: country-and state-level income inequality moderates the job insecurity-burnout relationship","volume":"102","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.2307\/256287","article-title":"Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work","volume":"33","year":"1990","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1177\/001872679204500402","article-title":"To be fully there: psychological presence at work","volume":"45","year":"1992","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref034","article-title":"Seeking an \u2018i-deal\u2019 balance: schedule-flexibility i-deals as mediating mechanisms between supervisor emotional support and employee work and home performance","volume":"118","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behaviour"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021692","article-title":"Promised and delivered inducements and contributions: an integrated view of psychological contract appraisal","volume":"96","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5153\/sro.3952","article-title":"Skype as a tool for qualitative research interviews","volume":"21","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sociological Research Online"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1348\/096317904322915892","article-title":"The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work","volume":"77","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1108\/02683941011056941","article-title":"Comparing telework locations and traditional work arrangements: differences in work-life balance support, job satisfaction, and inclusion","volume":"25","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref039","unstructured":"Nelson, B. (2019), \u201cSupportive managers relieve job insecurity, boost engagement. Gallup\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.gallup.com\/workplace\/265835\/supportive-managers-relieve-job-insecurity-increase-engagement.aspx (accessed 28 November 2020)."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026428","article-title":"Organizational work\u2013family resources as predictors of job performance and attitudes: the process of work\u2013family conflict and enrichment","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Health Psychology"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726720938834","article-title":"A closer look at how managerial support can help improve patient experience: insights from the UK's National Health Service","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2010.51468988","article-title":"Job engagement: antecedents and effects on job performance","volume":"53","year":"2010","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref060","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Evidence: Employee Engagement Task Force \u201cNailing the Evidence\u201d Workgroup"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2307\/3094827","article-title":"Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles","volume":"46","year":"2001","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940610690169","article-title":"Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement","volume":"21","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.21187","article-title":"What do we really know about employee engagement?","volume":"25","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Resource Development Quarterly"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref046","volume-title":"Research Methods for Business Students","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8","article-title":"Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization","volume":"52","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quality and Quantity"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref048","unstructured":"Schaufeli, W.B. and Bakker, A.B. (2010), \u201cDefining and measuring work engagement: bringing clarity to the concept\u201d, in Bakker, A.B. and Leiter, M.P. (Eds), Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, Psychology Press, New York, NY, pp. 10-24."},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaufeli, W.B. and Taris, T.W. (2014), \u201cA critical review of the job demands resources model: implications for improving work and health\u201d, in Bauer, G.F. and H\u00e4mmig, O. (Eds), Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health: A Transdisciplinary Approach, Springer Science, Dordrecht, pp. 43-68.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5640-3_4"},{"key":"key2023071810113485000_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015630930326","article-title":"The measurement of engagement and burnout: a two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach","volume":"3","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref051","first-page":"25","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy: what does it take to turn crisis into opportunity?","volume":"28","year":"2020","journal-title":"China and World Economy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/apps.12211","article-title":"Challenging the universality of job resources: why, when, and for whom are they beneficial?","volume":"69","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001132","article-title":"Not extent of telecommuting, but job characteristics as proximal predictors of work-related well-being","volume":"59","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1177\/0275074012450943","article-title":"Engage them to public service: conceptualization and empirical examination of employee engagement in public administration","volume":"43","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American Review of Public Administration"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/apps.12290","article-title":"Achieving effective remote working during the COVID-19 pandemic: a work design perspective","volume":"70","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"14","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2017.1423102","article-title":"Use of work\u2013nonwork supports and employee well-being: the mediating roles of job demands, job control, supportive management and work\u2013nonwork conflict","volume":"31","year":"2020","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023071810113485000_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.14.2.121","article-title":"The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model","volume":"14","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Stress Management"}],"container-title":["Information Technology &amp; People"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-12-2020-0850\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITP-12-2020-0850\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:56:09Z","timestamp":1753394169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/itp\/article\/36\/5\/1835-1850\/183931"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/ITP-12-2020-0850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/itp-12-2020-0850","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-3845"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-3845","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]}}}