{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:05:10Z","timestamp":1781651110144,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ITSE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to explore the digital divide between students living in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas in the Antioquia region of Colombia. This is achieved by collecting data about student interactions from the Moodle learning management system (LMS), and subsequently applying supervised machine learning models to infer the gap between students in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work uses the well-established Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining methodology, which comprises six phases, viz., problem understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modelling, evaluation and implementation. In this case, student data was collected from the Moodle platform from the Antioquia campus of the UNAD distance learning university.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The digital divide is evident in the classification model when observing differences in variables such as the number of accesses to the LMS, the total time spent and the number of distinct IP addresses used, as well as the number of system modification events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides conclusions regarding the problems students in virtual education may face as a result of the digital divide in Colombia which have become increasingly visible since the implementation of machine learning methodologies on LMS such as Moodle. However, these practices may be replicated in any virtual educational context and furthermore be extended to enable personalisation of various aspects of the Moodle platform to meet the individual needs of students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itse-03-2021-0052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T04:46:27Z","timestamp":1626842787000},"page":"281-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring the Colombian digital divide using Moodle logs through supervised learning"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sergio Duban","family":"Morales Dussan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olmer","family":"Garcia-Bedoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ixent","family":"Galpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mining student data using decision trees","volume-title":"\u2018International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT\u20192006)","year":"2006"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref002","first-page":"235","article-title":"Facebook\u2019s social learning group for undergraduate engineering courses: A case study of emergency remote teaching amid large digital divide","volume-title":"in \u20182020 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE)\u2019","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijedro.2020.100022","article-title":"Who gets to learn in a pandemic? exploring the digital divide in remote learning during the covid-19 pandemic in nigeria","volume":"2","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research Open"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref004","article-title":"Mining educational data to analyze students\u2019 performance","volume-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1201.3417","year":"2012"},{"issue":"43","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3916\/C43-2014-13","article-title":"The Digital Divide in the University: The appropriation of ICT in Higher Education Students from Bogot\u00e1, Colombia","volume":"22","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comunicar"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref006","first-page":"5405","article-title":"The status of digital divide and education in india","volume":"57","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychology and Education Journal"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref007","first-page":"785","article-title":"XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system","volume-title":"in \u2018Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining\u2019","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","year":"1995","journal-title":"Machine learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1958.tb00292.x","article-title":"The regression analysis of binary sequences","volume":"20","year":"1958","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref010","volume-title":"Dinamicas de las Areas Metropolitanas de Colombia","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref011","volume-title":"Bolet\u00edn Trimestral de las TIC","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref012","first-page":"17","article-title":"Academic behavior analysis in virtual courses using a data mining approach","volume-title":"Applied Informatics","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.22456\/2175-2745.62211","article-title":"Learning to identify at-risk students in distance education using interaction counts","volume":"23","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista de Inform\u00e1tica Te\u00f3rica e Aplicada"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017197","article-title":"Approximate statistical tests for comparing supervised classification learning algorithms","volume":"10","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neural computation"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref015","first-page":"6","article-title":"Using technology to expand opportunity: Going virtual","volume":"33","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-009-9153-8","article-title":"Estimation of prediction error by using k-fold cross-validation","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Statistics and Computing"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref017","article-title":"Distribuciones de Clases No Balanceadas: M\u00e9tricas, An\u00e1lisis de Complejidad y Algoritmos de Aprendizaje","volume-title":"TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref018","first-page":"59","article-title":"La brecha digital en Colombia: Un an\u00e1lisis de las pol\u00edticas gubernamentales para su disminuci\u00f3n","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redes de Ingenier\u00eda"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2013.788033","article-title":"Student perception of Moodle learning management system: a satisfaction and significance analysis","volume":"23","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref020","unstructured":"Hussain, T. (2020), \u201cEducation and covid-19 in nigeria: Tackling the digital divide\u201d, SOAS Blog available at: www.soas.ac.uk\/blogs\/study\/covid-19-nigeria-digital-divide\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5815\/ijeme.2017.02.02","article-title":"Literature survey on educational dropout prediction","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Education and Management Engineering"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref022","volume-title":"Classification via clustering for predicting final marks based on student participation in forums","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref023","article-title":"Technology in second language education: Overcoming the digital divide","volume":"2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerging Trends in Education"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref024","article-title":"Crisp-dm twenty years later: From data mining processes to data science trajectories","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref025","unstructured":"Planeaci\u00f3n, D.A. (2019), \u201cAnuario Estad\u00edstico de Antioquia 2018\u201d. available at: www.antioquiadatos.gov.co\/index.php\/servicios-publicos-2018"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.04.001","article-title":"The role of demographics in online learning: A decision tree based approach","volume":"137","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"19","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref027","article-title":"Competencias digitales del profesorado y alumnado en el desarrollo de la docencia virtual: El caso de la Universidad de la Laguna","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revista Historia de la Educaci\u00f3n Latinoamericana"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-014-0002-7","article-title":"Conceptualizing the emerging field of smart learning environments","volume":"1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart learning environments"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref029","article-title":"Mitigating the digital divide for distance learning students in developing countries","volume-title":"SOCIN 2015","year":"2015"},{"issue":"71","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref030","first-page":"160","article-title":"Definir la desercion: Una cuestion de perspectiva","volume":"18","year":"1989","journal-title":"Revista de Educaci\u00f3n Superior"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref031","article-title":"Data mining techniques for identifying students at risk of failing a computer proficiency test required for graduation","volume":"27","year":"2011","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/2050157917708329","article-title":"Smartphone internet access and use: Extending the digital divide and usage gap","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mobile Media & Communication"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.14742\/ajet.5503","article-title":"Digital equity: Considering the needs of staff as a social justice issue","volume":"35","year":"2019","journal-title":"Australasian Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref034","first-page":"29","article-title":"CRISP-DM: Towards a standard process model for data mining","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2022081608020839100_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2007.02.026","article-title":"Evaluation of ANN and SVM classifiers as predictors to the diagnosis of students with learning disabilities","volume":"34","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref036","article-title":"Motivation classification and grade prediction for MOOCs learners","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"key":"key2022081608020839100_ref037","article-title":"Mining Education data to predict student\u2019s retention: A comparative study","volume-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1203.2987","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Interactive Technology and Smart Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITSE-03-2021-0052\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITSE-03-2021-0052\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:56:36Z","timestamp":1753394196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/itse\/article\/19\/3\/281-299\/179457"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/ITSE-03-2021-0052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/itse-03-2021-0052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-5659","1741-5659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-5659","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-5659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]}}}