{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T12:14:19Z","timestamp":1783944859133,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ITSE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"\nPurpose<\/jats:title>\nThe paper aims to propose a virtual reality (VR) wisdom teaching model in open university English course from the perspective of \u201cMetaverse\u201d. The study aims to testify the stimulation for English learning and the effectiveness of English-expressing with VR tools for adult learners from the practice in a pilot reform project.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nDesign\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\nThe paper opted for an exploratory study using ICARE Design Model as the framework, under the grounded theories of constructivism and multi-modal teaching. The study compared the evaluation data of one-semester English learning performance between the experimental class (67 students) with VR practice and the controlled class (67 students), including speaking test score, qualitative feedback and in-depth experience analysis. The data were complemented by reflection paper analysis, including manual evaluation (the criteria of semantics, pronunciation, fluency and completeness), questionnaire survey (in the form of five-point Likert scale) and semi-structured interview.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nFindings<\/jats:title>\nThe paper provides empirical insights about the VR wisdom teaching model in English language teaching and learning in a Chinese Open University. The empirical results suggest that \u201c3I\u201d features of VR technology could make up for the shortcomings of traditional English classes in open universities in China, and VR resources designed with curriculum teaching materials could also be helpful for students\u2019 command of knowledge points and language skills. What\u2019s more, the sense of authentic experience in virtual could promote the teaching and learning effect in college English classes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResearch limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\nThe present study focuses on a wisdom mode of foreign language teaching and learning for adult learners in open education, so the research results may lack generalizability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to further explore the deep integration of VR\/artificial intelligence in foreign language teaching and learning.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nOriginality\/value<\/jats:title>\nThis paper fulfills an identified need to study how VR tools provide an engaging, fun and immersive language learning environment, to enhance autonomous learning and learning engagement.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itse-10-2022-0140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T01:45:16Z","timestamp":1684374316000},"page":"403-421","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Educational metaverse: an exploration and practice of VR wisdom teaching model in Chinese Open University English course"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xichun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liling","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/10572252.2012.626390","article-title":"Assessing scholarly multimedia: a rhetorical genre studies approach","volume":"21","year":"2012","journal-title":"Technical Communication Quarterly"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref002","volume-title":"IX: Visual Exercises for Technical Communication","year":"2005"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref003","unstructured":"Ball, C.E. and Arola, K.L. (2011), \u201cIX: visualizing composition\u201d, available at: http:\/\/ix.bedfordstmartins.com\/"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref004","volume-title":"RAW: Reading and Writing New Media","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref005","first-page":"24","article-title":"On a synthetic theoretical framework for multimodal discourse analysis","volume":"6","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foreign Languages in China"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref006","first-page":"83","article-title":"Some thoughts on college English teaching","volume":"2","year":"2005","journal-title":"Foreign Language Teaching and Research"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref007","first-page":"25","article-title":"Constructivism\u2014the theoretical basis of reforming traditional teaching","volume":"4","year":"1997","journal-title":"e-Education Research"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref008","volume-title":"Multimodality: A Social Semiotic Approach to Contemporary Communication","year":"2009"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref009","first-page":"152","volume-title":"Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design","year":"1996"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref010","first-page":"94","article-title":"Application of communicative English teaching model in college English teaching","volume-title":"International Conference on Frontiers in Educational Technologies and Management Sciences","year":"2019"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref011","first-page":"80","article-title":"Study on business English teaching based on immersive embodied learning","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Modern Educational Technology"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref012","first-page":"43","article-title":"A review on the application of virtual reality technology in the teaching of English for special purpose","volume":"44","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer Science"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref013","first-page":"139","article-title":"Application of virtual reality technology in experiential foreign language teaching practice","volume":"22","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chinese Talents"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref0212","article-title":"Evaluating student and faculty satisfaction with a pedagogical framework","volume":"24","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Distance Education"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref014","first-page":"69","article-title":"Research on VR-Supported flipped classroom based on seamless learning \u2013 a case study in news English audio-visual course","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Modern Educational Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-017-9566-6","article-title":"Fostering student autonomy in English learning through creations in a 3D virtual world","volume":"66","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educational Technology Research and Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref047","first-page":"73","article-title":"An analysis of the principle of applying virtual reality to the professional training in English public speeches","volume":"15","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foreign Languages in China"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref048","first-page":"24","article-title":"An analysis of the modal reconstruction in virtualized foreign language teaching and learning","volume":"1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technology Enhanced Foreign Language Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref016","first-page":"25","article-title":"The construction of OPEN mode of college English in open universities from the perspective of multimodality theory","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hebei Open University"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref017","first-page":"3","article-title":"On multimedia learning and multimodal learning","volume":"114","year":"2007","journal-title":"Technology Enhanced Foreign Language Education"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref018","first-page":"44","article-title":"Instructional research on CALLA mode supported by avatar virtual environment","volume":"26","year":"2016","journal-title":"Modern Educational Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000921000556","article-title":"Constructivist approaches to first language acquisition","volume":"48","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2009.00943.x","article-title":"Learning from second life","volume":"40","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.07.001","article-title":"Game-like language learning in 3-D virtual environments","volume":"60","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers and Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2011.78","article-title":"Learning a foreign language in a mixed-reality environment","volume":"15","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Computing"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.21296\/jls.2021.12.99.145","article-title":"A study on students\u2019 perceptions of blended learning in English education","volume":"99","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Linguistics Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1134\/1.2139819","article-title":"The Russian virtual observatory project","volume":"49","year":"2005","journal-title":"Astronomy Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref025","first-page":"7","article-title":"Constructivism: new implications for instructional technology","volume":"31","year":"1991","journal-title":"Educational Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1525\/si.2010.33.4.501","article-title":"The presentation of avatars in second life: self and interaction in social virtual spaces","volume":"33","year":"2010","journal-title":"Symbolic Interaction"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.22471\/ai.2022.7.1.10","article-title":"Exploration for educational application of metaverse: focusing on implication for use in English education","volume":"7","year":"2022","journal-title":"J-Institute"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref028","first-page":"225","article-title":"A case study of online teachers\u2019 metaverse-based online courses","volume":"39","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Korean Teacher Education"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref029","first-page":"40","article-title":"Educational metaverse: decade review of language learning in virtual reality","volume":"1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technology Enhanced Foreign Language Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/08923649509526885","article-title":"Constructivism and computer-mediated communication in distance education","volume":"9","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Distance Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref031","first-page":"43","article-title":"A study on developing the metaverse-based English learning program: focusing on Ifland","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Humanities and Social Science"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref032","volume-title":"Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication","year":"2001"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref033","volume-title":"Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11191-021-00237-8","article-title":"On beyond constructivism using intersubjective approaches to promote learning in the science classroom","volume":"31","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science and Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref035","first-page":"33","article-title":"A class model with gamification and metaverse: focused on long-term memory formation theory and virtual escape room game","volume":"38","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Studies in Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/10350330.2019.1701085","article-title":"A multimodal and socio-semiotic theory of early language evolution","volume":"32","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Semiotics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000114","article-title":"Virtual classroom: experience of three Spanish universities","volume":"138","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.17763\/haer.66.1.17370n67v22j160u","article-title":"A pedagogy of multiliteracies: design social futures","volume":"66","author":"New London Group","year":"1996","journal-title":"Harvard Educational Review"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref039","first-page":"357","article-title":"ICARE model design profile for developing critical-creative thinking competency in reading literacy learning","volume":"508","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref040","first-page":"195","article-title":"Comparison study of pre-service primary English teachers on online learning platforms","volume":"64","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Jungang Journal of English Language and Literature"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref041","first-page":"103","article-title":"Digital game-based language learning in 3D immersive environments: the GUINEVERE project","volume-title":"Proceedings of The 11th Innovation in Language Learning International Conference","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/glob.12027","article-title":"Second Italy: distance education in a Second-Life international studies project","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Networks"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref043","first-page":"88","article-title":"Virtual reality technology used in CAI","volume":"5","year":"1998","journal-title":"e-Education Research"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.3390\/su13094639","article-title":"A systematic review of AR and VR enhanced language learning","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref045","first-page":"2392","article-title":"Computer-assisted English teaching based on constructivism","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ago Food Industry Hi-Tech"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.22471\/value.2021.6.2.52","article-title":"A study on PUBLIC lifelong education model for second life planning and support for middle-aged adults","volume":"6","year":"2021","journal-title":"J-Institute"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref049","first-page":"277","article-title":"Effects of using mobile-based virtual reality on Chinese L2 students\u2019 oral proficiency","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref050","first-page":"63","article-title":"Development of foreign language proficiency standards for adult learners and certification of their learning outcomes based on China\u2019s standards of English proficiency \u2013 a project on the development of English proficiency standards at the open university of China","volume":"3","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technology Enhanced Foreign Language Education"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2023112013252529800_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.47116\/apjcri.2022.07.12","article-title":"A comparative analysis of English language learning trends in Korea and China using the metaverse","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref052","first-page":"64","article-title":"Application of virtual reality in English teaching","volume-title":"2021 the 3rd World Symposium on Artificial Intelligence","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2023112013252529800_ref053","first-page":"2909","article-title":"V-learning and modern development trends in computer linguodidactics: virtual language environment","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Interactive Technology and Smart Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITSE-10-2022-0140\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITSE-10-2022-0140\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:57:07Z","timestamp":1753394227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/itse\/article\/20\/3\/403-421\/175994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/ITSE-10-2022-0140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/itse-10-2022-0140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-5659","1741-5659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-5659","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-5659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]}}}