{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T02:26:38Z","timestamp":1775874398551,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,20]],"date-time":"2015-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429488000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The purpose of this paper is to apply local grammar (LG) to develop an indexing system which automatically extracts keywords from titles of Lebanese official journals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 To build LG for our system, the first word that plays the determinant role in understanding the meaning of a title is analyzed and grouped as the initial state. These steps are repeated recursively for the whole words. As a new title is introduced, the first word determines which LG should be applied to suggest or generate further potential keywords based on a set of features calculated for each node of a title.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The overall performance of our system is 67 per cent, which means that 67 per cent of the keywords extracted manually have been extracted by our system. This empirical result shows the validity of this study\u2019s approach after taking into consideration the below-mentioned limitations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The system has two limitations. First, it is applied to a sample of 5,747 titles and it can be developed to generate all finite state automata for all titles. The other limitation is that named entities are not processed due to their varieties that require specific ontology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 Almost all keyword extraction systems apply statistical, linguistic or hybrid approaches to extract keywords from texts. This paper contributes to the development of an automatic indexing system to replace the expensive human indexing by taking advantages of LG, which is mainly applied to extract time, date and proper names from texts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itse-11-2013-0030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,21]],"date-time":"2015-04-21T03:23:21Z","timestamp":1429586601000},"page":"62-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Keyword extraction from Arabic legal texts"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Rammal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Bahsoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Al Achkar Jabbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b2","unstructured":"Barnbrook, G. and Sinclair, J. (1995), \u201cParsing CoBuild entries\u201d, in Sinclair, , J. , Hoelter, , M. , Peters, and C. (Eds), The Languages of Definition: The Formalization of Dictionary Definitions for Natural Language Processing , Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, pp. 13-58."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayraktar, \u00d6. (2007), \u201cPerson name recognition in Turkish financial texts by using local grammar approach\u201d, Thesis submitted in September 2007 to the graduate school of Informatics of the Middle East Technical University.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCIS.2008.4717897"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourigault (1992), \u201cSurface grammatical analysis for the extraction of terminological noun phrases\u201d, Proceedings of COLING, Nantes, pp. 977-981.","DOI":"10.3115\/992383.992415"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b6","unstructured":"Choi, K. and Nam, J. (1997), \u201cA local grammar-based approach to recognizing of proper names in Korean texts\u201d, in Zhou, , J. , Church, and K. (Eds), Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on very Large Corpora, Acl\/Tsing-hua University\/Hong-Kong University of science and Technology, Hong Kong, pp. 273-288."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b7","unstructured":"Constant, M. (2002), \u201cMethods for constructing lexicon-grammar resources: the example of measure expressions\u201d, Proceedings of the 3rd conference Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, Las Palmas."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dagan, Church, (1994), \u201cTermight: identifying and translating technical terminology\u201d, Proceedings of EACL, Madrid, pp. 34-40.","DOI":"10.3115\/974358.974367"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ercan, G. and Cicekli, I. (2007), \u201cUsing lexical chains for keyword extraction\u201d, Information Processing and Management , 43 No. 6, pp. 1705-1714.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2007.01.015"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b10","unstructured":"Frank, E. , Paytner, E. , Witten, I.H. , Gutwin, C. and Nevill-Manning, C.G. (1999), \u201cDomain specific keyphrase extraction\u201d, Proceedings of The Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 667-668."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b11","unstructured":"Frantzi, and Ananiadou, (1996), \u201cA hybrid approach to term recognition\u201d, Proceedings of NLP+IA, Moncton, pp. 93-98."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b12","unstructured":"Grineva, M. , Grinev, M. and Lizorkin, D. (2009), \u201cExtracting key terms from noisy and multiheme documents\u201d, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on WWW, New York, NY, pp. 661-670."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b14","unstructured":"Gross, M. (1993), \u201cLocal grammars and their representation by finite automata\u201d, in Hoey, and M. (Ed.), Data, Description, Discourse, Papers on the English Language in Honour of John McH Sinclair , Harper \u2013 Collins Publishers, London, pp. 26-38."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, Z. (1991), A theory of Language and Information: A Mathematical Approach , Clarendon Press, Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198242246.001.0001"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b17","unstructured":"Hearst, M. (2003), \u201cWhat is text mining?\u201d, Essay written in October 13."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Justeson, and Katz, (1995), \u201cTechnical terminology: some linguistic properties and an algorithm for identification in text\u201d, Natural Language Engineering , Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 9-27.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324900000048"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b19","unstructured":"Khoja, S. and Garside, R. (1999), Stemming Arabic Text , Computer Science Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b21","unstructured":"Mason, O. (2004), \u201cAutomatic processing of local grammar patterns\u201d, Proceedings of the 7th Annual Colloquium for the UK Special Interest Group for Computational Linguistics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, pp. 166-217."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b23","unstructured":"Ranchhod, E. , Mota, C. and Baptista, J. (1999), \u201cA computational lexicon of Portuguese for automatic text parsing\u201d, Proceedings of SIGLEX99: Standardizing Lexical Resources, 37th Annual Meeting of the ACL, College Park, Maryland, pp. 74-80."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b24","unstructured":"Traboulsi, H. (2006), \u201cNamed entity recognition: a local grammar-based approach\u201d, PhD dissertation, Dept. of Computing, Surrey University, Guildford."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traboulsi, H. (2009), \u201cArabic named extraction: a local grammar \u2013based approach\u201d, Proceedings of the International MultiConference on Computer Science and Information Technology, Mragovo, Vol. 4, pp. 139-143.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCSIT.2009.5352809"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_b27","unstructured":"Woods, W.A. (1970), \u201cTransition network grammars for natural language analysis\u201d, Communications of the ACM , Vol. 13 No. 10."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_frd1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agichtein, E. and Gravano, L. (2000), \u201cSnowball: extracting relations from large plaintext collections\u201d, Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries, San Antonio.","DOI":"10.1145\/336597.336644"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_frd2","unstructured":"Brin, S. (1998), \u201cExtracting patterns and relations from the World Wide Web\u201d, Selected papers from the International Workshop on The World Wide Web and Databases, Springer-Verlag, London, March 27-28, pp. 172-183."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_frd3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grishman, R. and Sundheim, B. (1996), \u201cMessage understanding conference-6: a brief history\u201d, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), Copenhagen , Vol. 1, pp. 466-471.","DOI":"10.3115\/992628.992709"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_frd4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guda, V. , Srujana, I. and Naik, M.V. (2011), \u201cReasoning in legal text documents with extracted event information\u201d, International Journal of Computer Applications , Vol. 28 No. 7, pp. 8-13.","DOI":"10.5120\/3402-4742"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_frd5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larkey, L. , Ballesteros, L. and Connell, M. (2002), \u201cImproving stemming for Arabic information retrieval: light stemming and co-occurrence analysis text parsing\u201d, SIGIR, SIGLEX\u201899: Standardizing Lexical Resources, available at: www.freepdfconvert.com, pp. 269-274.","DOI":"10.1145\/564376.564425"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_frd6","unstructured":"Mihalcea, R. and Tarau, P. (2004), \u201cTextrank: bringing order into texts\u201d, Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-04), Chicago, pp. 233-242."},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_frd9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salton, G. and Buckley, C. (1988),\u201cTerm-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval\u201d, Information Processing and Management , Vol. 24 No. 5, pp. 513-523.","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(88)90021-0"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_frd7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turmo, J. , Ageno, A. and Catala, N. (2006), \u201cAdaptive Information Extraction\u201d.","DOI":"10.1145\/1132956.1132957"},{"key":"key2020122501211542000_frd8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K. , Xu, H. , Tang, J. and Li, J. (2006), \u201cKeyword extraction using support vector machine\u201d, Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Advances in web-Age information, Chengdu, pp. 85-96.","DOI":"10.1007\/11775300_8"}],"container-title":["Interactive Technology and Smart Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/ITSE-11-2013-0030","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITSE-11-2013-0030\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/ITSE-11-2013-0030\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:57:09Z","timestamp":1753394229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/itse\/article\/12\/1\/62-71\/175729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,20]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/ITSE-11-2013-0030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/itse-11-2013-0030","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-5659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-5659","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,20]]}}}