{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T17:58:16Z","timestamp":1772906296125,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591574400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ITSE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To build adaptive learning systems for a better learning experience, designers need to identify users\u2019 behaviour patterns and provide adaptive learning materials accordingly. This study involved a quasi-experiment and also this paper aims to investigate the accuracy of eye-tracking technology in identifying visualisers and verbalisers and the contributing factors to diverse levels of accuracy, which lays the foundation for the establishment of adaptive learning systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors prepared eight documents with different image-text combinations with the intention of triggering participants\u2019 natural reading habits. By analysing the eye-movement data, this author categorised the 22 participants as visualisers or verbalisers. The results were compared for accuracy measure with participants\u2019 self-reports in response to the index of learning style questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that visualisers and verbalisers presented significantly different eye-movement patterns, which was confirmed by the fixation data from the Tobii eye-tracker with the detection accuracy ranged from 38% to 77%. Various factors contributed to a range of levels of accuracy, including highlighted elements, learning context, complex background, low relevance of images and texts, learner differences, awareness of experimental settings, self-conception and prior knowledge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first paper investigating the feasibility of eye-tracking technology to identify visualisers and verbalisers for the development of adaptive learning systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/itse-12-2019-0087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T06:42:45Z","timestamp":1591598565000},"page":"229-247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The use of eye-tracking technology to identify visualisers and verbalisers: accuracy and contributing factors"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhanni","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Billy","family":"O'Steen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key2021043009571202000_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12556","article-title":"Learning styles: considerations for technology enhanced item design","volume":"49","year":"2018","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"key2021043009571202000_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2013.10.244","article-title":"Threshold value in automatic learning style detection","volume":"97","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"key2021043009571202000_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2017.01.021","article-title":"Learning style identifier: improving the precision of learning style identification through computational intelligence algorithms","volume":"75","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021043009571202000_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/13614569808914698","article-title":"AHA! 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