{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:47:12Z","timestamp":1768351632816,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"abstract":"Purpose<\/jats:title>To determine the differences, as represented by information horizons mapping, in the health information-seeking behavior from a group of participants between March 2019 and April 2020 of the novel coronavirus pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>In March 2019, the author conducted a study on health information-seeking behavior in which 149 participants drew information horizons maps in a health-related context. They also took health and information literacy assessments. This exact study was replicated using the same population in April 2020 to determine the differences in what the participants drew on their maps and how these changes interacted with their health and information literacy, their age and their education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Findings<\/jats:title>There is a statistically significant difference in the increased number of sources and the ranked quality of the sources that people used during the pandemic. Participants were much more likely to use credible sources and news sources, especially if they were older, more educated and had higher literacy levels \u2013 both health and information. They also relied heavily on social media. The participant group in the pandemic had a much heavier reliance on sources that are often used in a passive encountering way but engaging with them in an active information-seeking manner. The health information-seeking behavior in this study did not adhere to other research that found issue with information overload, avoidance and cyberchondria in response to crisis situations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>This article utilizes information horizons methodology to explore pre- and post-pandemic information-seeking. It is completely unique in this approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jd-01-2021-0022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,5]],"date-time":"2021-06-05T13:02:48Z","timestamp":1622898168000},"page":"1248-1264","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Health information-seeking behavior in the time of COVID-19: information horizons methodology to decipher source path during a global pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0518-1707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret S.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref001","article-title":"Trends and predictors of COVID-19 information sources and their relationship with knowledge and beliefs related to the pandemic: nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"6","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance"},{"issue":"S3","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref002","first-page":"191","article-title":"The health literacy skills instrument: a 10-item short form","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Health Communication"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-018-0526-9","article-title":"Health information-seeking behavior among college students","volume":"43","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Active and passive acquisition of health\u2010related information on the Web by college students","volume":"51","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(98)00168-1","article-title":"Increasing physicians' awareness of the impact of statistics on research outcomes: comparative power of the t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test in small samples applied research","volume":"52","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NCN.0000432131.92020.42","article-title":"Examining health information\u2013seeking behaviors of older adults","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers, Informatics, Nursing: CIN"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2018.1511658","article-title":"Health literacy and use and trust in health information","volume":"23","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Health Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458215602939","article-title":"Health information needs, sources, and barriers of primary care patients to achieve patient-centered care: a literature review","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Informatics Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref009","article-title":"Digital health literacy and web-based information-seeking behaviors of university students in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional survey study","volume":"23","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"key2021100818410448200_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2017.05.014","article-title":"Understanding consumer health information-seeking behavior from the perspective of the risk perception attitude framework and social support in mobile social media websites","volume":"105","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Informatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868320931366","article-title":"A validity-based framework for understanding replication in psychology","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref012","article-title":"Examining associations between health information-seeking behavior and adult education status in the US: an analysis of the 2012 PIAAC Data","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"key2021100818410448200_ref013","first-page":"63","article-title":"Sources of news as a necessity for improving community health literacy about COVID-19","volume":"34","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302785","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2017.1302785","article-title":"Health information-seeking in the digital age: an analysis of health information-seeking behavior among US adults","volume":"3","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogent Social Sciences"},{"key":"key2021100818410448200_ref015","volume-title":"Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice, and Commitment","year":"1977"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1504\/IJIQ.2011.040670","article-title":"Perceptions of the information quality of internet and traditional text sources among Chinese users of the internet","volume":"2","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Quality"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref017","first-page":"75","article-title":"Are people with chronic diseases satisfied with the online health information related to COVID\u201019 during the pandemic?","volume":"53","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Scholarship"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0250","article-title":"COVID-19 information-seeking on digital media and preventive behaviors: the mediation role of worry","volume":"23","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1179\/cih.2009.2.2.184","article-title":"Understanding breast-cancer patients' perceptions: health information-seeking behaviour and passive information receipt","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Communication in Healthcare"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7748\/nr.23.5.21.s5","article-title":"Fundamentals of estimating sample size","volume":"23","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurse Researcher"},{"issue":"S2","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref021","first-page":"51","article-title":"Measuring health literacy: a pilot study of a new skills-based instrument","volume":"15","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Health Communication"},{"key":"key2021100818410448200_ref022","first-page":"e290402","article-title":"Covid-19 communication management in Spain: exploring the effect of information-seeking behavior and message reception in public\u2019s evaluation","volume-title":"El profesional de la informaci\u00f3n","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2021100818410448200_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_262_19","article-title":"Prediction of health information-seeking behavior components based on health anxiety among users of public libraries","volume":"8","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Health Promotion"},{"key":"key2021100818410448200_ref024","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health information seeking among the general public in India during COVID 19 outbreak: exploring healthcare practices, information needs, preferred information sources and problems","volume":"4307","year":"2020","journal-title":"Library Philosophy and Practice"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171100287X","article-title":"Quality of information sources about mental disorders: a comparison of Wikipedia with centrally controlled web and printed sources","volume":"42","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref026","first-page":"44","article-title":"Creating TRAILS: tool for real-time assessment of information literacy skills","volume":"35","year":"2007","journal-title":"Knowledge Quest"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922809346730","article-title":"Information needs of parents of children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"49","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Pediatrics"},{"key":"key2021100818410448200_ref028","first-page":"3010","article-title":"Interdisciplinary perspectives on health literacy research around the world: more important than ever in a time of COVID-19","volume-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613514755","article-title":"The value of direct replication","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"key2021100818410448200_ref030","first-page":"65","article-title":"A research method to investigate information-seeking using the concept of information horizons: an example from a study of lower socio-economic students' information-seeking behavior","volume":"2","year":"2001","journal-title":"The New Review of Information Behavior Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref031","first-page":"102440","article-title":"From information-seeking to information avoidance: understanding the health information behavior during a global health crisis","volume":"58","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref032","first-page":"53","article-title":"Cyberchondria in the time of the COVID\u201019 pandemic","volume":"3","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref033","first-page":"332","article-title":"Health risk information engagement and amplification on social media: news about an emerging pandemic on Facebook","volume":"42","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Education and Behavior"},{"key":"key2021100818410448200_ref034","volume-title":"Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2011.571759","article-title":"Public anxiety and information-seeking following the H1N1 outbreak: blogs, newspaper articles, and Wikipedia visits","volume":"27","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Communication"},{"key":"key2021100818410448200_ref036","unstructured":"TRAILS (2019), \u201cTool for real-time assessment of information literacy skills\u201d, available at: http:\/\/www.trails9.org\/index.php?page=home (accessed 5 November 2018)."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1840","article-title":"Does the ehealth literacy scale (eHEALS) measure what it intends to measure? Validation of a Dutch version of the eHEALS in two adult populations","volume":"13","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"key2021100818410448200_ref038","first-page":"209","article-title":"Pathways for success: the evolution of TRAILS and transitioning to college","volume-title":"Informed Transitions: Libraries Supporting the High School to College Transition","year":"2013"},{"issue":"13","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref039","first-page":"20131","article-title":"Risk perception and information-seeking behaviour during the 2009\/10 influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 pandemic in Germany","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/15534510.2015.1011227","article-title":"Acting on surprise: emotional response, multiple-channel information-seeking and vaccination in the H1N1 flu epidemic","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Influence"},{"key":"key2021100818410448200_ref041","first-page":"655","article-title":"Evaluating quality of health information sources","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref042","first-page":"49","article-title":"Human information behavior","volume":"3","year":"2000","journal-title":"Informing Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref043","article-title":"Online health information seeking using \u2018# COVID-19 patient seeking help\u2019 on Weibo in Wuhan, China: descriptive study","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref501","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing the reproductive health-related information-seeking behavior of low-income women: describing a two-step information-seeking process","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Health Communication"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021100818410448200_ref502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-05-2019-0090","article-title":"Mapping literacies: comparing information horizons mapping to measures of information and health literacy","volume":"76","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Documentation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JD-01-2021-0022\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JD-01-2021-0022\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:33:09Z","timestamp":1753396389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jd\/article\/77\/6\/1248-1264\/434409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JD-01-2021-0022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jd-01-2021-0022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0418","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]}}}