{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T17:55:37Z","timestamp":1776966937780,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]],"date-time":"2018-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The inability of cultural institutions to make available digital reproductions of collected material highlights a shortcoming with the existing copyright framework in a number of national jurisdictions. Overlapping efforts to remedy the situation were recently undertaken in the form of EU Directive 2012\/28\/EU, the \u201cOrphan Works\u201d directive, and a new licensing scheme introduced by the UK Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO). The purpose of this paper is to empirically evaluate both the EU and UK policy approaches, drawing on data collected during a live rights clearance simulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors attempted to clear rights in a sample of 432 items contained in the mixed-media Edwin Morgan Scrapbooks collection held by the University of Glasgow Library. Data were collected on the resource costs incurred at each stage of the rights clearance process, from initial audit of the collection, through to compliance with diligent search requirements under EU Directive 2012\/28\/EU and the UKIPO licensing procedures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comparing results against the two current policy options for the use of orphan works, the authors find that the UKIPO licensing scheme offers a moderate degree of legal certainty but also the highest cost to institutions (the cost of diligent search in addition to licence fees). The EU exception to copyright provides less legal certainty in the case of rightsholder re-emergence, but also retains high diligent search costs. Both policy options may be suitable for institutions wishing to make use of a small number of high-risk works, but neither approach is currently suitable for mass digitisation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>This rights clearance exercise is focussed on a single case study with unique properties (with a high proportion of partial works embedded in a work of bricolage). Consequently, the results obtained in this study reflect differences from simulation studies on other types of orphan works. However, by adopting similar methodological and reporting standards to previous empirical studies, the authors can compare rights clearance costs between collections of different works.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is the first to empirically assess the 2014 UK orphan works licensing scheme from an institutional perspective. The authors hope that it will contribute to an understanding of how policy could more effectively assist libraries and archives in their digitisation efforts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jd-04-2017-0061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]],"date-time":"2018-01-24T09:19:10Z","timestamp":1516785550000},"page":"641-667","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u201cI should like you to see them some time\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Stobo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristofer","family":"Erickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronan","family":"Deazley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041507442524000_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10502-010-9116-z","article-title":"Only with your permission: how rights holders respond (or don\u2019t respond) to requests to display archival materials online","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archival Science"},{"key":"key2021041507442524000_ref002","volume-title":"Copyright and Mass Digitization","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041507442524000_ref003","first-page":"135","article-title":"With enough eyeballs all searches are diligent: mobilizing the crowd in copyright clearance for mass digitization","volume":"16","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chicago-Kent Journal of Intellectual Property"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2021041507442524000_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.00190","article-title":"Individual and group learning in crisis simulations","volume":"10","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management"},{"key":"key2021041507442524000_ref005","volume-title":"The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind","year":"2008"},{"key":"key2021041507442524000_ref006","unstructured":"British Library (2011), \u201cResponse from the British library to the independent review of intellectual property and growth\u201d, March, available at: http:\/\/infojustice.org\/download\/rgcongress\/limitationsandexceptionsforculturalinstitutions\/British%20library.pdf (accessed 29 November 2016)."},{"key":"key2021041507442524000_ref007","unstructured":"Christy and Moore (1953), \u201cLetter from Christy & Moore to Edwin Morgan, dated 4th June\u201d, unpublished manuscript, Edwin Morgan Papers, Record Series MS Morgan T 1946-58 Box 1, University of Glasgow Archives and Special Collections, Glasgow."},{"issue":"6","key":"key2021041507442524000_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.6.1006","article-title":"Across the thin blue line: police officers and racial bias in the decision to shoot","volume":"92","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"key2021041507442524000_ref009","volume-title":"Acquiring Copyright Permission to Digitise and Provide Open Access to Books","year":"2005"},{"key":"key2021041507442524000_ref010","unstructured":"CREATe (2015), \u201cCopyright and orphan works\u201d, event held at Digital Catapult, London, 29 September, available at: www.create.ac.uk\/blog\/2015\/07\/21\/copyright-and-orphan-works\/ Recordings and transcripts forthcoming, 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"key2021041507442524000_ref011","article-title":"Agent based social simulation: a computer science view","volume":"5","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation"},{"key":"key2021041507442524000_ref012","unstructured":"Deazley, R., Patterson, K. and Stobo, V. 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