{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T16:56:32Z","timestamp":1777049792034,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Qualitative researchers and information practitioners often investigate questions that probe the underlying mental models, nuanced perspectives, emotions and experiences of their target populations. The in-depth qualitative interview is a dominant method for such investigations and the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how incorporating hybrid card-sorting activities into interviews can enable deeper participant reflections and generate rich data sets to increase understanding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following a review of relevant literature, the case illustration presented is a grounded theory study into the student-researcher information experience with personal academic information management. This study uses hybrid card sorting within in-depth, semi-structured interviews, a unique adaptation that extends multi-disciplinary awareness of the benefits of card-sort exercises for qualitative research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emerging from diverse fields, ranging from computer science, engineering, psychology and human\u2013computer interaction, card sorting seeks to illuminate how participants understand and organise concepts. The case illustration draws largely on methods used in interaction design and information architecture. Using either open or fixed designs, or hybrid variations, card-sort activities can make abstract concepts more tangible for participants, offering investigators a new approach to interview questions with the aid of this interactive, object-based technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opening with a comprehensive review of card-sort studies, the authors present an information experience case illustration that demonstrates the rich data generated by hybrid card sorting within qualitative interviews, or interactive interviews. This is followed by discussion of the types of research questions that may benefit from this original method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jd-06-2018-0091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]],"date-time":"2018-11-30T09:15:41Z","timestamp":1543569341000},"page":"397-416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Making it tangible: hybrid card sorting within qualitative interviews"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1580-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lettie Y.","family":"Conrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Virginia M.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020092420591233300_ref001","volume-title":"Mastering Card Sorting: How to Use Research to Organize Information Intuitively","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2020092420591233300_ref002","unstructured":"ANSI\/NISO (2010), \u201cGuidelines for the construction, format, and management of monolingual controlled vocabularies\u201d, American National Standards Institute\/National Institute of Standards Organizations Z39.19, available at: www.niso.org\/publications\/ansiniso-z3919-2005-r2010-guidelines-construction-format-and-management-monolingual"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2020092420591233300_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20566","article-title":"Children as architects of web directories: an exploratory study","volume":"58","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"key2020092420591233300_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baxter, K., Courage, C. and Crane, K. (2015), \u201cCard sorting\u201d, Understanding your Users, 2nd ed., Elsevier, Waltham, MA, pp. 302-337.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800232-2.00011-0"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020092420591233300_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940010337185","article-title":"The use of visual card sorting technique to study managers\u2019 belief structure \u2013 an international comparative study","volume":"15","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Managerial Psychology"},{"key":"key2020092420591233300_ref006","unstructured":"Canter, D., Brown, J. and Groat, L. (1985), \u201cA multiple sorting procedure for studying conceptual systems\u201d, in Brenner, M., Brown, J. and Canter, D.V. 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