{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T21:03:34Z","timestamp":1771621414952,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In recent years, OpenGLAM and the broader open license movement have been gaining momentum in the cultural heritage sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine OpenGLAM from the perspective of end users, identifying barriers for commercial and non-commercial reuse of openly licensed art images.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Following a review of the literature, the authors scope out how end users can discover institutions participating in OpenGLAM, and use case studies to examine the process they must follow to find, obtain and reuse openly licensed images from three art museums.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Academic literature has so far focussed on examining the risks and benefits of participation from an institutional perspective, with little done to assess OpenGLAM from the end users\u2019 standpoint. The authors reveal that end users have to overcome a series of barriers to find, obtain and reuse open images. The three main barriers relate to image quality, image tracking and the difficulty of distinguishing open images from those that are bound by copyright.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study focusses solely on the examination of art museums and galleries. Libraries, archives and also other types of OpenGLAM museums (e.g. archaeological) stretch beyond the scope of this paper.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors identify practical barriers of commercial and non-commercial reuse of open images, outlining areas of improvement for participant institutions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors contribute to the understudied field of research examining OpenGLAM from the end users\u2019 perspective, outlining recommendations for end users, as well as for museums and galleries.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jd-06-2019-0109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T08:37:28Z","timestamp":1572597448000},"page":"1-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["How open is OpenGLAM? Identifying barriers to commercial and non-commercial reuse of digitised art images"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7273-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Foteini","family":"Valeonti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Terras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hudson-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref001","unstructured":"Belvedere (2018), \u201cWelcome to the open content program of the Belvedere, Vienna!\u201d, Belvedere, available at: www.belvedere.at\/en\/opencontent (accessed 5 April 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref002","unstructured":"Bernstein, S. (2017), \u201cOpen access at the Barnes \u2013 Barnes Foundation \u2013 medium\u201d, available at: https:\/\/medium.com\/barnes-foundation\/open-access-at-the-barnes-e08daf2c5a33 (accessed 14 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref003","unstructured":"Dallas Museum of Art (2013), \u201cDallas Museum of Art Announces $9 million gift to support free general admission and free online access to its entire collection, Dallas Museum of Art\u201d, available at: www.dma.org\/press-release\/dallas-museum-art-announces-9-million-gift-support-free-general-admission-and-free (accessed 4 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref004","unstructured":"DMA (2016), \u201cTerms and conditions\u201d, The Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, available at: www.dma.org\/terms-and-conditions (accessed 4 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref005","unstructured":"Estermann, B. (2016), \u201c\u2018OpenGLAM\u2019 in Practice \u2013 How Heritage Institutions Appropriate the Notion of Openness\u201d, IRSPM The International Research Society for Public Management Annual Conference 2016, Hong Kong, available at: http:\/\/survey.openglam.ch\/publications\/Estermann_OpenGLAM_in_Practice_final_draft_20160318.pdf (accessed 11 October 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref006","unstructured":"Europeana Foundation (2014), \u201cEuropeana strategy 2015-2020, impact\u201d, available at: https:\/\/pro.europeana.eu\/files\/Europeana_Professional\/Publications\/EuropeanaStrategy2020.pdf (accessed 13 March 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref007","unstructured":"FADGI (2016), \u201cTechnical guidelines for digitizing cultural Heritage materials: creation of raster image files\u201d, available at: www.digitizationguidelines.gov\/guidelines\/FADGI_Still_Image-Tech_Guidelines_2010-08-24.pdf (accessed 4 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref008","unstructured":"Finnish National Gallery (2018a), \u201cPhotographic service \u2022 Finnish National Gallery\u201d, available at: www.kansallisgalleria.fi\/en\/kokoelmatietopalvelu\/kuvapalvelu\/ (accessed 15 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref009","unstructured":"Finnish National Gallery (2018b), \u201cPhotostream, Flickr\u201d, available at: www.flickr.com\/photos\/finnishnationalgallery\/ (accessed 4 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref010","unstructured":"Google (2019), \u201cTerms of service, privacy & terms\u201d, available at: https:\/\/policies.google.com\/terms?hl=en (accessed 4 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref011","unstructured":"Grosvenor, B. (2017), \u201cThe reproduction fee hustle|The Art Newspaper\u201d, The Art Newspaper, 20 November, available at: www.theartnewspaper.com\/blog\/the-reproduction-fee-hustle (accessed 13 March 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref012","unstructured":"Grosvenor, B. (2018), \u201cDiary of an art historian: at last, some common sense for the abolition of image fees\u201d, The Art Newspaper, 27 July, available at: www.theartnewspaper.com\/news\/diary-of-an-art-historian-at-last-some-common-sense (accessed 5 April 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref013","unstructured":"Intellectual Property Office (2015), \u201cCopyright Notice\u202f: digital images, photographs and the internet\u201d, available at: www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/481194\/c-notice-201401.pdf (accessed 4 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref014","unstructured":"Jaebker, K. (2015), \u201cFrom object to access: digitization at the Indianapolis Museum of Art\u201d, available at: www.slideshare.net\/kjaebker\/dpla-ima-labcollection (accessed 4 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref015","unstructured":"Kapsalis, E. (2016), \u201cThe impact of open access on galleries, libraries, museums, & archives\u201d, Smithsonian Emerging Leaders Development Program, available at: http:\/\/siarchives.si.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/pdfs\/2016_03_10_OpenCollections_Public.pdf (accessed 11 October 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref016","unstructured":"Kataoka, D. (2013), \u201cThe Getty and Google unleash free art \u2014 and your creative potential|WIRED\u201d, Wired Magazine, 30 December, available at: www.wired.com\/2013\/12\/what-getty-google-others-just-did-that-will-make-us-more-creative-than-ever\/ (accessed 5 April 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref017","unstructured":"Kelly, K. (2013), \u201cImages of works of art in Museum collections: the experience of open access\u201d, available at: http:\/\/msc.mellon.org\/msc-files\/OpenAccessReport042513-Final.pdf (accessed 30 July 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref018","unstructured":"Kinsella, E. (2018), \u201cThe Art Institute of Chicago is the latest Museum to offer open access to thousands of images in its archive, artnet news\u201d, available at: https:\/\/news.artnet.com\/art-world\/art-institute-chicago-offers-open-access-44000-images-1377739 (accessed 5 April 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref019","unstructured":"LACMA (2013), \u201cLACMA releases new online catalogue of Southeast Asian art\u201d, available at: http:\/\/seasian.catalog.lacma.org (accessed 5 April 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref020","unstructured":"Leonard-Barton, D. (1995), \u201cA dual methodology for case studies\u201d, Longitudinal Field Research Methods: Studying Processes of Organizational Change, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 38-64."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref021","unstructured":"Lucchetta, J.L. (2016), \u201c6 pillars of UI design \u2013 prototype, medium\u201d, available at: https:\/\/blog.prototypr.io\/6-pillars-of-ui-design-80fe255f5091 (accessed 14 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref022","unstructured":"McCarthy, D. (2018), \u201cHello world! The Finnish National Gallery opens up its collections, Europeana Pro\u201d, available at: https:\/\/pro.europeana.eu\/post\/hello-cc0-the-finnish-national-gallery-opens-up-its-collections (accessed 17 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref023","unstructured":"McCarthy, D. (2019), \u201cUncovering the global picture of Open GLAM \u2013 Douglas McCarthy \u2013 medium, medium\u201d, available at: https:\/\/medium.com\/@CultureDoug\/uncovering-the-global-picture-of-open-glam-af364aadeeee (accessed 3 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref024","unstructured":"McCarthy, D. and Wallace, A. (2019), \u201cSurvey of GLAM open access policy and practice\u201d, available at: https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1WPS-KJptUJ-o8SXtg00llcxq0IKJu8eO6Ege_GrLaNc\/edit#gid=1216556120 (accessed 21 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref025","unstructured":"Max Planck Open Access (2003), \u201cBerliner Erkl\u00e4rung\u201d, available at: https:\/\/openaccess.mpg.de\/Berliner-Erklaerung (accessed 31 July 2018)."},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020021910235074300_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X0101300402","article-title":"A case in case study methodology","volume":"13","year":"2001","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref027","unstructured":"Milliman, P., Schindewolf, A. and York, N. (2013), \u201cPress contacts l The Morgan Library and Museum to begin digitization of its renowned drawings collection\u201d, available at: www.themorgan.org (accessed 2 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref028","unstructured":"National Gallery of Art (2012), \u201cOpen access policy for images of works of art presumed in the public domain\u201d, available at: https:\/\/images.nga.gov\/en\/page\/openaccess.html (accessed 15 March 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref029","unstructured":"Newfields (2018a), \u201cCollections\u201d, available at: https:\/\/discovernewfields.org\/collections (accessed 4 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref030","unstructured":"Newfields (2018b), \u201cImage resources\u201d, available at: https:\/\/discovernewfields.org\/research\/image-resources (accessed 6 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref300","article-title":"History","author":"Newfields","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref031","unstructured":"OpenGLAM (2015), \u201cWalters Art Museum goes CC0, OpenGLAM\u201d, available at: https:\/\/openglam.org\/2015\/07\/30\/walter-art-museum-goes-cc0\/ (accessed 5 April 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref032","unstructured":"OpenGLAM (2018a), \u201cOpenGLAM\u201d, available at: https:\/\/openglam.org\/ (accessed 2 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref033","unstructured":"OpenGLAM (2018b), \u201cOpenGLAM principles\u201d, available at: https:\/\/openglam.org\/principles\/ (accessed 2 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref034","unstructured":"Oxford Dictionaries (2013), \u201cLanding page, English by Oxford Dictionaries\u201d, available at: https:\/\/en.oxforddictionaries.com\/definition\/landing_page (accessed 2 November 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref035","unstructured":"Pachali, D. (2014), \u201cOpen access: how museums are opening their digital archives \u2013 Goethe-Institut\u201d, available at: www.goethe.de\/en\/kul\/bib\/20365145.html (accessed 31 July 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref036","unstructured":"Pekel, J. (2014), \u201cDemocratising the Rijksmuseum\u201d, available at: www.rijksmuseum.nl\/en\/collection\/SK- (accessed 30 November 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref037","unstructured":"PhotoSecrets (2018), \u201cDigital watermark, photosecrets\u201d, available at: www.photosecrets.com\/track (accessed 29 October 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref038","unstructured":"Pogrebin, R. (2017), \u201cMetropolitan Museum\u2019s director resigns under pressure\u201d, The New York Times, 28 February, available at: www.nytimes.com\/2017\/02\/28\/arts\/design\/met-museum-director-resigns-thomas-campbell.html?_r=0 (accessed 12 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref039","unstructured":"PRWeb (2015), \u201cIndianapolis Museum of art launches new online collection\u201d, available at: www.prweb.com\/releases\/2015\/03\/prweb12616903.htm (accessed 4 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref040","unstructured":"Sanderhoff, M. (2011), \u201cFri billeddeling nu!, Formidlingsnet\u201d, available at: www.formidlingsnet.dk\/fri-billeddeling-nu\/ (accessed 30 October 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref041","unstructured":"Sanderhoff, M. (2014), \u201cGLAMourous remix: openness and sharing for cultural institutions\u201d, in Sanderhoff, M. (Ed.), Sharing is Caring: Openness and Sharing in the Cultural Heritage Sector, Statens Museum for Kunst, K\u00f8benhavn, pp. 141-153, available at: www.smk.dk\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/Billeder\/forsiden\/94124_sharing_is_Caring_UK.pdf"},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref042","unstructured":"Sanderhoff, M. (2016), \u201cDigital futures keynote, slideshare\u201d, available at: www.slideshare.net\/MereteSanderhoff\/digital-futures-keynote (accessed 18 September 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref043","unstructured":"Sanderhoff, M. (2017), \u201cThe only way is open, medium\u201d, available at: https:\/\/medium.com\/smk-open\/the-only-way-is-open-840b38fb8e2 (accessed 12 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref044","unstructured":"Sharpe, E. and Da Silva, J. (2018), \u201cThe world\u2019s most popular exhibition? Ancient sculptures in Tokyo versus Modern masters in Paris\u201d, The Art Newspaper, available at: www.theartnewspaper.com\/analysis\/ancient-buddhist-sculptures-triumph-over-modern-masters (accessed 11 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref045","unstructured":"Shulman, J. (2017), \u201cThe good news and the bad news from the Met are all one tale\u201d, LinkedIn, available at: www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/good-news-bad-from-met-all-one-tale-james-shulman\/ (accessed 4 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref046","unstructured":"Smith, J.H. (2018), \u201cFinally: a new website for SMK, medium\u201d, available at: https:\/\/medium.com\/smk-open\/finally-a-new-website-for-smk-c1d3c863779e (accessed 30 October 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref047","unstructured":"Smithsonian Institution (2019), \u201cTerms of use, Smithsonian\u201d, available at: www.si.edu\/termsofuse (accessed 21 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref048","unstructured":"SMK (2018a), \u201cFree download of images, SMK\u201d, available at: www.smk.dk\/en\/use-of-images-and-text\/free-download-of-artworks\/ (accessed 7 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref049","unstructured":"SMK (2018b), \u201cFree download of images, about SMK\u201d, available at: www.smk.dk\/en\/article\/free-download-of-images\/ (accessed 3 November 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref050","unstructured":"SMK (2018c), \u201cSMK Open, SMK\u201d, available at: www.smk.dk\/en\/article\/smk-open\/ (accessed 18 September 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref051","unstructured":"SMK (2018d), \u201cThe collection, SMK\u201d, available at: www.smk.dk\/en\/article\/the-collection\/ (accessed 18 September 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref052","unstructured":"SMK (2018e), \u201cThe royal collections, SMK\u201d, available at: www.smk.dk\/en\/article\/the-collection\/ (accessed 4 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref053","unstructured":"Statens Museum for Kunst (2014), \u201cAnnual report\u201d, available at: https:\/\/prod.smk.dk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/A__rsrapport_2014-04mar2015_ENG.pdf (accessed 18 September 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref054","unstructured":"Tallon, L. (2017), \u201cIntroducing open access at the met | the metropolitan Museum of art, the met\u201d, available at: www.metmuseum.org\/blogs\/digital-underground\/2017\/open-access-at-the-met (accessed 12 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref055","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reproduction Charging Models & Rights Policy for Digital Images in American Art Museums: A Mellon Foundation Study"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020021910235074300_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-06-2015-0193","article-title":"Opening access to collections: the making and using of open digitised cultural content","volume":"39","year":"2015","journal-title":"Online Information Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2020021910235074300_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S0307472200020502","article-title":"So you want to reuse digital heritage content in a creative context? Good luck with that","volume":"40","year":"2015","journal-title":"Art Libraries Journal"},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref058","volume-title":"Metropolitan Museum Initiative Provides Free Access to 400,000 Digital Images","author":"The MET","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref059","unstructured":"The MET (2017), \u201cThe MET makes its images of public-domain artworks freely available through new open access policy | the metropolitan Museum of Art\u201d, available at: www.metmuseum.org\/press\/news\/2017\/open-access (accessed 4 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref060","unstructured":"The MET (2018a), \u201cAbout the met | The Metropolitan Museum of art, the MET\u201d, available at: www.metmuseum.org\/about-the-met (accessed 11 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref061","unstructured":"The MET (2018b), \u201cCuratorial departments | The Metropolitan Museum of art, the MET\u201d, available at: www.metmuseum.org\/about-the-met\/curatorial-departments (accessed 11 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref062","unstructured":"The MET (2018c), \u201cImage and data resources | The Metropolitan Museum of art, the MET\u201d, available at: www.metmuseum.org\/about-the-met\/policies-and-documents\/image-resources (accessed 12 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref063","volume-title":"Frequently Asked Questions: Open Access for Scholarly Content (OASC)","author":"The MET","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref064","unstructured":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art (2017), \u201cOpen access at the met, the Metropolitan Museum of Art\u201d, available at: www.metmuseum.org\/about-the-met\/policies-and-documents\/open-access (accessed 5 April 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref065","unstructured":"The Morgan Library and Museum (2016), \u201cTerms and conditions, The Morgan Library and Museum\u201d, available at: www.themorgan.org\/terms-and-conditions (accessed 4 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref066","unstructured":"The National Gallery (2018), \u201cImage download terms of use\u201d, The National Gallery, available at: www.nationalgallery.org.uk\/paintings\/image-download-terms-of-use?img=n-1314-00-000192-wz-pyr.tif&invno=NG1314 (accessed 28 October 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref067","unstructured":"USEUM (2019), \u201cDownload artworks\u201d, USEUM, available at: https:\/\/useum.org\/download-artworks (accessed 20 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref068","unstructured":"Valeonti, F. (2018), \u201cUSEUM: Making art accessible with crowdsourcing and gamification\u201d, PhD thesis, University College London, London."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref069","unstructured":"Van Gogh Museum (2018), \u201cConditions governing the use of image material in the Van Gogh Museum collection\u201d, Van Gogh Museum, available at: www.vangoghmuseum.nl\/download\/7835b38c-ff1f-4a06-9314-08a55afc4df1.pdf (accessed 4 May 2019)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref070","unstructured":"Verwayen, H., Arnoldus, M. and Kaufman, P.B. (2011), \u201cThe problem of the yellow milkmaid a business model perspective on open metadata\u201d, available at: http:\/\/bit.ly\/fCunRH (accessed 3 August 2018)."},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, A. and Deazley, R. (2016), \u201cDisplay at your own risk: an experimental exhibition of digital cultural heritage\u201d, available at: http:\/\/displayatyourownrisk.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Display-At-Your-Own-Risk-Publication.pdf (accessed 4 May 2019).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3378193"},{"key":"key2020021910235074300_ref072","unstructured":"Yale News (2011), \u201cDigital images of Yale\u2019s vast cultural collections now available for free | Yale News, Yale\u201d, available at: https:\/\/news.yale.edu\/2011\/05\/10\/digital-images-yale-s-vast-cultural-collections-now-available-free (accessed 5 April 2019)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Documentation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JD-06-2019-0109\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JD-06-2019-0109\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:34:17Z","timestamp":1753396457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jd\/article\/76\/1\/1-26\/432358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JD-06-2019-0109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jd-06-2019-0109","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0418","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]}}}