{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T15:00:10Z","timestamp":1769094010867,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper aims to understand the nature of citations and metrics in the larger system of knowledge production involving universities, funding agencies, publishers, and indexing and data analytic services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, the normative and social constructivist views of citations are reviewed to be understood as co-existing conditions. Second, metrics are examined through the processes of commensuration by tracing the meanings of metrics embedded in various kinds of documents and contexts. Third, the steering effects of citations and metrics on knowledge production are discussed. Finally, the conclusion addresses questions pertaining to the validity and legitimacy of citations as data and their implications for knowledge production and the conception of information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The normative view of citations is understood as an ideal speech situation; the social constructivist view of citation is recognised in the system of knowledge production where citing motivations are influenced by epistemic, social and political factors. When organisational performances are prioritised and generate system imperatives, motives of competition become dominant in shaping citing behaviour, which can deviate from the norms and values in the academic lifeworld. As a result, citations and metrics become a non-linguistic steering medium rather than evidence of research quality and impact.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper contributes to the understanding of the nature of citations and metrics and their implications for the conception of information and knowledge production.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jd-06-2020-0093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T05:34:29Z","timestamp":1608010469000},"page":"420-431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The steering effects of citations and metrics"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Lai","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key2021021707072119000_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019829575","article-title":"Citations, citation indicators, and research quality: an overview of basic concepts and theories","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2021021707072119000_ref002","first-page":"249","article-title":"Quality to impact, text to metadata, publication and evaluation in the age of metrics","volume":"2","year":"2018","journal-title":"Know"},{"key":"key2021021707072119000_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biagioli, M. and Lippman, A. 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