{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T18:16:29Z","timestamp":1776104189446,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]],"date-time":"2014-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The purpose of this paper is to investigate readers\u2019 annotations in library books and attitudes towards marginalia among library users. In particular, the study discusses how marginalia function as reader-to-reader communication. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The study used data collected from both public library and university library collections, as well as a user survey conducted among library users. The empirical results are discussed in relation to theories of affordances, in order to understand what characterizes the socio-physical realm within which marginalia exist (<jats:italic>RQ1<\/jats:italic>), and what specific conditions make marginalia possible as a communicative act between readers (<jats:italic>RQ2<\/jats:italic>). <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The study suggests that marginalia in library books are mainly by-products of reading\/studying processes. The user survey depicts an overall picture of ambiguous attitudes towards marginalia. It is argued that marginalia seen as communication rely heavily on the proximity of the context and the permanence of the physical medium. Three distinctive categories are proposed for classifying marginalia according to their relationship with the text: embedded; evaluative; extratextual. In spite of being an often unwanted communication, marginalia thus still function as an additional layer to the main message of the primary text. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The findings are indicative pointing to follow-up studies that may further validate them. The study contributes to a referential frame for future studies on the subject. <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p> \u2013 The study addresses factual and communicative aspects of marginalia less covered in previous research, thus providing a basis for further research also in relation to designing affordances for annotations in e-books.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jd-07-2013-0096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,16]],"date-time":"2014-11-16T08:36:06Z","timestamp":1416126966000},"page":"902-926","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Marginalia as message: affordances for reader-to-reader communication"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Muhamed","family":"Fajkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Bj\u00f6rneborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b1","unstructured":"Adler, M.J.\n                and \n                  Van Doren, C.\n                (1972), How to Read a Book, Simon and Schuster, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b2","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rneborn, L.\n                (2010), \u201cDesign dimensions enabling divergent behaviour across physical, digital and social library interfaces\u201d, Proceedings of 5th International Conference, PERSUASIVE 2010: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 6137, Springer, Berlin pp. 143-149."},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b3","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rneborn, L.\n                (2011), \u201cBehavioural traces and indirect user-to-user mediation in the participatory library\u201d, Proceedings of the International Conference Information Science and Social Media, ISSOME 2011, \u00c5bo Akademi University, \u00c5bo\/Turku, 24-26 August, pp. 151-156."},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradshaw, S.\n                and \n                  Light, M.\n                (2007), \u201cAnnotation consensus: implications for passage recommendation in scientific literature\u201d, Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, HT \u201807, ACM Press, pp. 209-216.","DOI":"10.1145\/1286240.1286300"},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e6rentsen, K.B.\n                and \n                  Trettvik, J.\n                (2002), \u201cAn activity theory approach to affordance\u201d, Proceedings of the Second Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 51-60.","DOI":"10.1145\/572020.572028"},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahlstr\u00f6m, M.\n                (2011), \u201cA book of one's own: examples of library book marginalia\u201d, in \n                  Crone, R.\n                and \n                  Towheed, S.\n                (Eds), The History of Reading, Volume 3: Methods, Strategies, Tactics, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 115-131.","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230316737_8"},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b7","unstructured":"Fajkovic, M.\n                (2012), \u201cMarginalia as message: communicative aspects of readers\u2019 annotations in library books\u201d, unpublished master's thesis, Royal School of Library and Information Science, Copenhagen."},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler, R.L.\n                and \n                  Barker, A.S.\n                (1974), \u201cEffectiveness of highlighting for retention of text material\u201d, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 59 No. 3, pp. 358-364.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036750"},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b9","unstructured":"Genette, G.\n                (1997), Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b10","unstructured":"Gibson, J.J.\n                (1986), The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ."},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b11","unstructured":"Hauptman, R.\n                (2008), Documentation? A History and Critique of Attribution, Commentary, Glosses, Marginalia, Notes, Bibliographies, Works-Cited Lists, and Citation Indexing and Analysis, McFarland, Jefferson, NC."},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, W.C.\n               , \n                  Hollan, J.D.\n               , \n                  Wroblewski, D.\n                and \n                  McCandless, T.\n                (1992), \u201cEdit wear and read wear\u201d, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 3-9.","DOI":"10.1145\/142750.142751"},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, H.\n                (1993), \u201cWriting in books and other marginal activities\u201d, University of Toronto Quarterly, Vol. 62 No. 2, pp. 217-231.","DOI":"10.3138\/utq.62.2.217"},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b14","unstructured":"Jackson, H.J.\n                (2001), Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT."},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, H.J.\n                (2005), Romantic Readers: The Evidence of Marginalia, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.","DOI":"10.12987\/yale\/9780300107852.001.0001"},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, C.C.\n                (1997), \u201cAnnotation: from paper books to the digital library\u201d, Proceedings of the Second ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 131-140.","DOI":"10.1145\/263690.263806"},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, C.C.\n                (1998), \u201cToward an ecology of hypertext annotation\u201d, Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 40-49.","DOI":"10.1145\/276627.276632"},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b18","unstructured":"Marshall, C.C.\n                (2010), Reading and Writing the Electronic Book, Morgan & Claypool, San Rafael, CA."},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, C.C.\n                and \n                  Brush, A.J.B.\n                (2004), \u201cExploring the relationship between personal and public annotations\u201d, Proceedings of the 4th ACM\/IEEE CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 349-357.","DOI":"10.1145\/996350.996432"},{"key":"key2020122900453945200_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, C.C.\n               , \n                  Price, M.N.\n               , \n                  Golovchinsky, G.\n                and \n                  Schilit, B.N.\n                (1999), \u201cIntroducing a digital library reading appliance into a reading group\u201d, Proceedings of the Fourth ACM Conference on Digital Libraries. 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