{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:37:13Z","timestamp":1754156233247,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]],"date-time":"2015-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The purpose of this paper is to describe a new approach to a well-known problem for digital libraries, how to search across multiple unrelated libraries with a single query.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The approach involves creating new Dewey Decimal Classification terms and numbers from existing Dublin Core records. In total, 263,550 records were harvested from three digital libraries. Weighted key terms were extracted from the title, description and subject fields of each record. Ranked DDC classes were automatically generated from these key terms by considering DDC hierarchies via a series of filtering and aggregation stages. A mean reciprocal ranking evaluation compared a sample of 49 generated classes against DDC classes created by a trained librarian for the same records.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The best results combined weighted key terms from the title, description and subject fields. Performance declines with increased specificity of DDC level. The results compare favorably with similar studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The metadata harvest required manual intervention and the evaluation was resource intensive. Future research will look at evaluation methodologies that take account of issues of consistency and ecological validity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The method does not require training data and is easily scalable. The pipeline can be customized for individual use cases, for example, recall or precision enhancing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Social implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The approach can provide centralized access to information from multiple domains currently provided by individual digital libraries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The approach addresses metadata normalization in the context of web resources. The automatic classification approach accounts for matches within hierarchies, aggregating lower level matches to broader parents and thus approximates the practices of a human cataloger.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jd-07-2014-0103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T10:53:45Z","timestamp":1441191225000},"page":"976-998","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Augmenting Dublin Core digital library metadata with Dewey Decimal Classification"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Michael John","family":"Khoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-wook","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ceri","family":"Binding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilary Jane","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Massam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Tudhope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b850","unstructured":"Digging Into Metadata (2014), \u201cDigging In to Metadata\u201d, available at: http:\/\/research.ischool.drexel.edu\/digging\/"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frantzi, K. , Ananiadou, S. and Mima, H. (2000), \u201cAutomatic recognition of multi-word terms\u201d, International Journal of Digital Libraries , Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 117-132.","DOI":"10.1007\/s007999900023"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golub, K. (2006a), \u201cAutomated subject classification of textual web pages, based on a controlled vocabulary: challenges and recommendations\u201d, The New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia , Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 11-27.","DOI":"10.1080\/13614560600774313"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golub, K. (2006b), \u201cAutomatic subject classification of textual web documents\u201d, Journal of Documentation , Vol. 62 No. 3, pp. 350-371.","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410610666501"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golub, K. and Lykke, M. (2009), \u201cAutomatic classification of web pages in hierarchical browsing\u201d, Journal of Documentation , Vol. 65 No. 6, pp. 901-925.","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410910998915"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golub, K. , Lykke, M. and Tudhope, D. (2014), \u201cEnhancing social tagging with automated keywords from the Dewey decimal classification\u201d, Journal of Documentation , Vol. 70 No. 5, pp. 801-828.","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-05-2013-0056"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenberg, J. (2004), \u201cMetadata extraction and harvesting: a comparison of two automatic metadata generation applications\u201d, Journal of Internet Cataloging , Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 59-82.","DOI":"10.1300\/J141v06n04_05"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenberg, J. , Spurgin, K. and Crystal, A. (2006), \u201cFunctionalities for automatic metadata generation applications: a survey of metadata experts\u2019 opinions\u201d, Int. J. Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies , Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 3-20.","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMSO.2006.008766"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagedorn, K. , Chapman, S. and Newman, D. (2007), \u201cEnhancing search and browse using automatic clustering of subject metadata\u201d, D-Lib Magazine, Vol. 13 Nos 7\/8, available at: www.dlib.org\/dlib\/july07\/hagedorn\/07hagedorn.html (accessed August 5, 2015).","DOI":"10.1045\/july2007-hagedorn"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoo, M. and Hall, C. (2013), \u201cManaging metadata: networks of practice, technological frames, and technical work in a digital library\u201d, Information and Organization , Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 81-106.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2013.01.003"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b15","unstructured":"Khoo, M. , Tudhope, D. , Binding, C. , Jones, H. and Orrego, I. (2013), \u201cOAI-PMH and metadata aggregation from heterogeneous digital libraries: three case studies\u201d, iConference, Fort Worth, TX, February 12-15, pp. 497-501, available at: www.ideals.illinois.edu\/handle\/2142\/42563 (accessed August 5, 2015)."},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krowne, A. and Halbert, M. (2005), \u201cAn initial evaluation of automatic organization for digital library browsing\u201d, JCDL, pp. 246-255.","DOI":"10.1145\/1065385.1065442"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b17","unstructured":"L\u00f6sch, M. , Waltinger, U. , Hortsmann, W. and Mehler, A. (2011), \u201cBuilding a DDC-annotated corpus from OAI metadata\u201d, Journal of Digital Information , Vol. 12 No. 2, available at: https:\/\/journals.tdl.org\/jodi\/index.php\/jodi\/article\/view\/1765 (accessed August 5, 2015)."},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, T. (1997), \u201c\u2018Cataloging must change!\u2019 and indexer consistency studies: misreading the evidence at our peril\u201d, Cataloging & Classification Quarterly , Vol. 23 Nos 3\/4, pp. 3-45.","DOI":"10.1300\/J104v23n03_02"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman, D. , Hagedorn, C. , Chemudugunta, C. and Smyth, P. (2007), \u201cSubject metadata enrichment using statistical topic models\u201d, JCDL, pp. 366-375.","DOI":"10.1145\/1255175.1255248"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b21","unstructured":"Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) (nd), \u201cIntroduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification\u201d, available at: http:\/\/oclc.org\/content\/dam\/oclc\/webdewey\/help\/introduction.pdf (accessed August 5, 2015)."},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweeney, R. (1983), \u201cThe development of the Dewey Decimal Classification\u201d, Journal of Documentation , Vol. 39 No. 3, pp. 192-205.","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026748"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, R. , Shafer, K. and Vizine-Goetz, D. (1997), \u201cEvaluating Dewey concepts as a knowledge base for automatic subject assignment\u201d, Second ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries (DL\u2019 97), pp. 37-46.","DOI":"10.1145\/263690.263790"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuarob, S. , Pouchard, L. and Giles, C.L. (2013), \u201cAutomatic tag recommendation for metadata annotation using probabilistic topic modeling\u201d, JCDL, pp. 239-248.","DOI":"10.1145\/2467696.2467706"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b25","unstructured":"Voorhees E. (1999), \u201cThe TREC-8 question answering track report\u201d, in Voorhees, E.M. and Harman, D.K. (Eds), Proceedings of the 8th Text Retrieval Conference , NIST Special Publication 500-246, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersberg, MD, pp. 77-82, available at: http:\/\/trec.nist.gov\/pubs\/trec8\/t8_proceedings.html (accessed August 5, 2015)."},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waltinger, U. , Mehler, A. , L\u00f6sch, M. and Horstmann, W. (2011), \u201cHierarchical classification of OAI metadata using the DDC taxonomy\u201d, Advanced Language Technologies for Digital Libraries \u2013 Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Vol. 6699, pp. 9-40.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23160-5_3"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J. (2009), \u201cAn extensive study on automatic Dewey Decimal Classification\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (JASIST) , Vol. 60 No. 11, pp. 2269-2286.","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21147"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b28","unstructured":"Wartena, C. and Sommer, M. (2012), \u201cAutomatic classification of scientific records using the German subject heading authority file (SWD)\u201d, Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Semantic Digital Archives (SDA 2012, Paphos, at TPDL 2012), pp. 37-48."},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, A. (2007), \u201cToward releasing the metadata bottleneck\u201d, Library Resources and Technical Services , Vol. 51 No. 1, pp. 16-28.","DOI":"10.5860\/lrts.51n1.16"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b31","unstructured":"Woodley, M.S. (2008), \u201cCrosswalks, metadata harvesting, federated searching, metasearching: using metadata to connect users and information\u201d, in Baca, M. (Ed.), Introduction to Metadata , The Getty Trust, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 38-62, available at: www.getty.edu\/publications\/virtuallibrary\/0892368969.html (Accessed August 5, 2015)."},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_b32","unstructured":"Yi, K. (2007), \u201cAutomatic text classification using library classification schemes: trends, issues, and challenges\u201d, International Cataloguing and Bibliographic Control Journal , Vol. 36 No. 4, pp. 78-82."},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_frd1","unstructured":"Bikson, T. , Kalra, N. , Galway, L. and Agnew, G. (2011), \u201cSteps toward a formative evaluation of NSDL\u201d, RAND Technical Report, available at: www.rand.org\/content\/dam\/rand\/pubs\/technical_reports\/2011\/RAND_TR998.pdf (accessed August 5, 2015)."},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_frd2","unstructured":"Hiom, D. (2006a), \u201cRetrospective on the RDN\u201d, Ariadne Issue 47, April, available at: www.ariadne.ac.uk\/issue47\/hiom\/ (accessed August 5, 2015)."},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_frd3","unstructured":"Hiom, D. (2006b), \u201cRDN Timeline\u201d, Ariadne Issue 47, April, available at: www.ariadne.ac.uk\/issue47\/hiom\/timeline.html (accessed August 5, 2015)."},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_frd4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janes, J. (1998), \u201cThe Internet public library: an intellectual history\u201d, Library Hi Tech , Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 55-68.","DOI":"10.1108\/07378839810303983"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_frd5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joyce, A. , Wickham, J. , Cross, P. and Stephens, C. (2008), \u201cIntute integration\u201d, Ariadne, No. 55, April, available at: www.ariadne.ac.uk\/issue55\/joyce-et-al (accessed August 5, 2015).","DOI":"10.29173\/elucidate509"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_frd6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nichols, D. , Chan, C.-H. , Bainbridge, D. , McKay, D. and Twidale, M. (2008), \u201cA lightweight metadata quality tool\u201d, JCDL, pp. 385-388.","DOI":"10.1145\/1378889.1378957"},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_frd7","unstructured":"Williams, C. (2006), \u201cIntute: the new best of the web\u201d, Ariadne Issue 48, July, available at: www.ariadne.ac.uk\/issue48\/williams\/ (accessed August 5, 2015)."},{"key":"key2020122119522685000_frd8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zia, L. (2005), \u201cThe NSF national science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education digital library (NSDL) program\u201d, D-Lib Magazine, Vol. 11 No. 3, March, available at: www.dlib.org\/dlib\/march05\/zia\/03zia.html (accessed August 5, 2015).","DOI":"10.1045\/march2005-zia"}],"container-title":["Journal of Documentation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/JD-07-2014-0103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JD-07-2014-0103\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JD-07-2014-0103\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:34:26Z","timestamp":1753396466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jd\/article\/71\/5\/976-998\/203189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JD-07-2014-0103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jd-07-2014-0103","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-0418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,14]]}}}