{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:15:05Z","timestamp":1764080105057,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The library catalog is not only a useful tool for patrons to find and access library collections but also a valuable dataset for various types of quantitative analysis on our cultural assets. This research aims to develop the latter potential of library metadata by conducting a large-scale analysis of how the metadata fields encoded in the Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) standards.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined more than 6 million book records from 1980 to 2018 in the catalog of the Library of Congress. We particularly focused on how bibliographic records have changed over time and whether these changes correlate with the introduction of new cataloging policies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results show that more than 200 unique fields and 1,300 unique subfields have been used in the MARC format, though the majority of them are used in fewer than 1% of all records. At the same time, bibliographic records have become increasingly complex, with more fields and subfields per record over the past 40\u00a0years. Additionally, there are clear, although sometimes asynchronous, parallel developments between MARC tags and cataloging standards.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study represents the first large-scale quantitative analysis of the history of library metadata, revealing significant and interesting changes over time and highlighting challenges for the meaningful use of library metadata in the current data environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jd-08-2024-0199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T06:48:36Z","timestamp":1738306116000},"page":"385-402","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["How are library cataloging metadata used differently over time: a large-scale quantitative analysis of the Library of Congress catalog"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7264-365X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2448-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Dobreski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1048-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"key2025022807182684200_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-05-2012-0053","article-title":"The value of MARC data, or, challenges of frbrisation","volume":"69","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"volume-title":"Anglo-American Cataloging Rules","year":"1967","author":"American Library Association, Library of Congress, & Canadian Library Association","key":"key2025022807182684200_ref002"},{"volume-title":"The MARC II Format: A Communications Format for Bibliographic Data","year":"1968","key":"key2025022807182684200_ref003"},{"key":"key2025022807182684200_ref004","unstructured":"Beckmann, J.L. (2006), \u201cRelational database management system support for sparse data sets\u201d, available at: https:\/\/utk.idm.oclc.org\/login?url=https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/relational-database-management-system-support\/docview\/304984740\/se-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025022807182684200_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.5860\/lrts.64n2.44","article-title":"Genre\/form access in library catalogs: a survey on the current state of LCGFT usage","volume":"64","year":"2020","journal-title":"Library Resources and Technical Services"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025022807182684200_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1108\/00012530510634235","article-title":"Is Google enough? 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