{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T06:47:00Z","timestamp":1764226020865,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subject searching in the library catalog is a challenge for any user, but may be especially so for members of marginalized groups whose language diverges even further from established systems of subject headings. In this study, researchers employed the concept of code-switching to better understand the linguistic divide that members of the LGBTQ+ community face when formulating subject searches in the library catalog.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Through a set of 15 interviews with adult library users identifying as LGBTQ+, researchers examined the difference between participants\u2019 natural language when discussing books and their suggested search terms for these same items. Analysis of language switching was guided by a linguistic framework of semantic, syntactic and lexical elements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results show that LGBTQ+ catalog users employ linguistic shifts when approaching the library catalog, particularly semantic shifts around terminology for genres and LGBTQ+ identities. Almost all participants were aware of their language switching to some extent, with many purposely employing it in an anticipatory attempt to match their perceptions of the catalog\u2019s language.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Social implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>For libraries looking to better support marginalized communities, this study offers insight into the linguistic perceptions and practices of these users and the disconnect they may face when searching for resources related to their identities. Pluralistic approaches to subject representation may offer one means of addressing this.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study takes the novel approach of applying the concept of code-switching to better understand the needs and perceptions of library catalog users.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jd-10-2024-0257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T14:55:56Z","timestamp":1740236156000},"page":"581-597","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["How do LGBTQ+ library catalog users talk about subject searching?"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7783-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Moulaison-Sandy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2448-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Dobreski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4763-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(77)90056-5","article-title":"System meets user: problems in matching subject search terms","volume":"13","year":"1977","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199501)46:1<30::AID-ASI4>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Domain analysis, literary warrant, and consensus: The case of fiction studies","volume":"46","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science"},{"volume-title":"Prejudices and Antipathies: A Tract on the LC Subject Heads Concerning People","year":"1993","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref002"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1108\/ssrp-05-2017-0021","article-title":"The representations of LGBTQ themes and individuals in non-fiction young adult literature","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"key2025042506285883800_ref004","unstructured":"Bodmer, F. (1944), in Hogben, L.T. (Ed.), The Loom of Language: An Approach to the Mastery of Many Languages, Reprint ed., W. W. Norton & Company, New York."},{"issue":"7","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4571(199607)47:7<493::aid-asi3>3.3.co;2-y","article-title":"Why are online catalogs still hard to use?","volume":"47","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.5771\/0943-7444-2020-5-393","article-title":"Centering LGBT2QIA+ subjects in knowledge organization systems","volume":"47","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knowledge Organization"},{"key":"key2025042506285883800_ref007","unstructured":"Calhoun, K., Cantrell, J., Gallagher, P. and Hawk, J. (2009), \u201cOnline catalogs: what users and librarians want: an OCLC report\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.oclc.org\/content\/dam\/oclc\/reports\/onlinecatalogs\/fullreport.pdf"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1177\/1744987120927206","article-title":"Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Nursing"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20592","article-title":"Web searching in Chinese: a study of a search engine in Hong Kong","volume":"58","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref010","first-page":"95","article-title":"Improving subject access in OPACs: an exploratory study of conversion of users' queries","volume":"18","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Academic Librarianship"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1108\/jd-05-2019-0094","article-title":"Common usage as warrant in bibliographic description","volume":"76","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4571(199607)47:7<519::aid-asi5>3.0.co;2-x","article-title":"Failure analysis of subject searches in a test of a new design for subject access to online catalogs","volume":"47","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.5771\/0943-7444-2016-5-373","article-title":"\u2018Priorities of arrangement\u2019 or a \u2018Hierarchy of oppressions?\u2019: perspectives on intersectionality in knowledge organization","volume":"43","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knowledge Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1108\/AJIM-04-2018-0091","article-title":"Mixed language queries in online searches: a study of intra-sentential code-switching from a qualitative perspective","volume":"71","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aslib Journal of Information Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01639374.2014.917447","article-title":"Still a lot to lose: the role of controlled vocabulary in keyword searching","volume":"53","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cataloging and Classification Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822x05279903","article-title":"How many interviews are enough?: an experiment with data saturation and variability","volume":"18","year":"2006","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.2007.1440410115","article-title":"Semantics and knowledge organization","volume":"41","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annual Review of Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"key2025042506285883800_ref018","unstructured":"Homosaurus (2024), available at: https:\/\/homosaurus.org\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23029","article-title":"Assessing the relationships among tag syntax, semantics, and perceived usefulness","volume":"65","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"edition":"11th ed.","volume-title":"Introduction to Cataloging and Classification","year":"2015","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref020"},{"key":"key2025042506285883800_ref021","unstructured":"Library of Congress (2020a), \u201cInverted heading\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/aba\/publications\/FreeSHM\/Glossary.pdf (accessed 22 October 2024)."},{"key":"key2025042506285883800_ref022","unstructured":"Library of Congress (2020b), \u201cStraight heading\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/aba\/publications\/FreeSHM\/Glossary.pdf (accessed 22 October 2024)."},{"issue":"5","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.5771\/0943-7444-2020-5-410","article-title":"Centering relationality: a conceptual model to advance indigenous knowledge organization practices","volume":"47","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knowledge Organization"},{"key":"key2025042506285883800_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McArthur, T., Lam-McArthur, J. and Fontaine, L. (2018), \u201cCode-mixing and code-switching\u201d, in McArthur, T., Lam-McArthur, J. and Fontaine, L. (Eds), The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acref\/9780199661282.001.0001"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1108\/00907321111161403","article-title":"Progressive LGBTQ reference: coming out in the 21st century","volume":"39","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"year":"2015","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref026","article-title":"Leading and transforming LGBTQ library services"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/hir.12139","article-title":"Information-seeking behaviour and information needs of LGBTQ health professionals: a follow-up study","volume":"33","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Information and Libraries Journal"},{"key":"key2025042506285883800_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/johd.44","article-title":"Automatic language identification in code-switched Hindi-English social media text","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Open Humanities Data"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.5860\/crl.65.6.525","article-title":"I don't think I click: a protocol analysis study of use of a library online catalog in the internet age","volume":"65","year":"2004","journal-title":"College and Research Libraries"},{"volume-title":"The Power to Name: Locating the Limits of Subject Representation in Libraries","year":"2002","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref030"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1108\/prog-10-2013-0055","article-title":"An investigation into the perceptions of academic librarians and students towards next-generation OPACs and their features","volume":"49","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"volume-title":"Linguistic Diversity and Social Justice: An Introduction to Applied Sociolinguistics","year":"2016","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref032"},{"volume-title":"Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language","year":"1999","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref033"},{"edition":"1st ed.","volume-title":"Gay-2-zee: A Dictionary of Sex, Subtext, and the Sublime","year":"2006","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref034"},{"edition":"2nd ed.","volume-title":"Bilingualism","year":"1995","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref035"},{"key":"key2025042506285883800_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1145\/2740908.2743007","article-title":"Online searching in English as a foreign language","year":"2015"},{"edition":"6th ed.","volume-title":"Language, Culture, and Society: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology","year":"2015","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref037"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23272","article-title":"Domain-independent search expertise: a description of procedural knowledge gained during guided instruction","volume":"66","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"edition":"4th ed.","volume-title":"Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society","year":"2000","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref039"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/19322909.2011.624428","article-title":"Librarians do it differently: comparative usability testing with students and library staff","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Web Librarianship"},{"key":"key2025042506285883800_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1145\/3176349.3176396","article-title":"Switching languages in online searching: a qualitative study of web users' code-switching search behaviors","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2025042506285883800_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/01639374.2020.1796876","article-title":"There was sex but no sexuality*:\u2019 Critical cataloging and the classification of asexuality in LCSH","volume":"58","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cataloging and Classification Quarterly"},{"key":"key2025042506285883800_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/meet.14504701338","article-title":"Syntagmatic semantic relations of user tags: syntagmatic semantic relations of user tags","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Journal of Documentation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JD-10-2024-0257\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JD-10-2024-0257\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:35:21Z","timestamp":1753396521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jd\/article\/81\/3\/581-597\/1247070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JD-10-2024-0257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jd-10-2024-0257","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0418","1758-7379"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-0418"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1758-7379"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]}}}