{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:05:13Z","timestamp":1777421113420,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of transformational leadership in psychological empowerment in Indian retail industry. This study also tries to examine whether organizational culture plays a mediating role in the relationships between transformational leadership and psychological empowerment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A sample of 310 respondents was randomly selected from different Indian retail organizations for the study. Data collections were carried out using a set of standardized questionnaires. Raw data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and process plugin of Hayes for mediation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The empirical investigations of the study have shown that transformational leadership is positively related to psychological empowerment. The study also found partial mediation of organizational culture between transformational leadership and psychological empowerment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>First of all, the sample size of the study is relatively small (n=310). The study is limited to the employees of eastern Indian retail organizations. Second, the common method bias is presumed to influence and inflate the relationships between the variables of the study as the data on all three variables were collected at the same point of time from respondents.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The road map presented in this paper may be helpful for the retail executives to diagnose organizational culture and leadership styles prevailing in the organization and their influence on psychological empowerment. The study may be helpful for retail managers to develop a desirable culture through the practice of transformational leadership that would enhance the empowerment process.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper adds value to the limited body of knowledge about the association among transformational leadership, psychological empowerment, and organizational culture. The findings presented in this paper would be beneficial for Indian researchers, OD experts and organization scientists in developing a culture of empowerment by the help of transformational leadership. Unique statistical tools have been used for mediation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jeim-01-2016-0026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]],"date-time":"2017-02-24T11:01:41Z","timestamp":1487934101000},"page":"82-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Transformational leadership and psychological empowerment"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Rabindra Kumar","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, , Kharagpur,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhusmita","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, , Kharagpur,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lalatendu Kesari","family":"Jena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, , Kharagpur,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref046","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Emerging Leadership Vistas","author":"Avolio","year":"1988"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072820190137000_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.6.827","article-title":"Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes: a field experiment","volume":"81","author":"Barling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025072820190137000_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator-mediator distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072820190137000_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/105960118701200106","article-title":"Transformational leadership and falling dominoes effect","volume":"12","author":"Bass","year":"1987","journal-title":"Group and Organization Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025072820190137000_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-2616(85)90028-2","article-title":"Leadership: good, better, best","volume":"13","author":"Bass","year":"1985","journal-title":"Organizational Dynamics"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref004","volume-title":"Transformational Leadership: Industry, Military and Educational Impact","author":"Bass","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072820190137000_ref005","first-page":"112","article-title":"Transformational leadership and organizational culture","volume":"17","author":"Bass","year":"1993","journal-title":"Public Administration Quarterly"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref048","volume-title":"MLQ Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire","author":"Bass","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072820190137000_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(99)00016-8","article-title":"Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behaviour","volume":"10","author":"Bass","year":"1999","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072820190137000_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.2.207","article-title":"Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership","volume":"88","author":"Bass","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072820190137000_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1108\/09578239710161777","article-title":"The micro political orientation of facilitative school principals and its effects on teachers\u2019 sense of empowerment","volume":"35","author":"Blase","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Administration"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025072820190137000_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1108\/01437730310494293","article-title":"The leadership-culture connection: an exploratory investigation","volume":"24","author":"Block","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leadership and Organization Development Journal"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref009","volume-title":"Leadership","author":"Burns","year":"1978"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025072820190137000_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2307\/258093","article-title":"The empowerment process: integrating theory and practice","volume":"13","author":"Conger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025072820190137000_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.19030\/jabr.v29i3.7785","article-title":"Examining Bass\u2019s transformational leadership in public sector executives: a psychometric properties review","volume":"29","author":"David","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Applied Business Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072820190137000_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2307\/3069307","article-title":"Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: a field experiment","volume":"45","author":"Dvir","year":"2002","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025072820190137000_ref013","first-page":"15","article-title":"Transformational leadership and organizational culture as predictors of employees attitudinal factors","volume":"3","author":"Elkordy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Business Management Dyanamics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025072820190137000_ref014","first-page":"495","article-title":"Increasing transformational leadership through enhancing self-efficacy","volume":"29","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Management Development"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref015","volume-title":"SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 Update","author":"George","year":"2010","edition":"10th ed."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072820190137000_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2006.20208687","article-title":"The essential impact of context on organizational behavior","volume":"31","author":"Johns","year":"2006","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072820190137000_ref016","first-page":"8","article-title":"Empowerment of nurses through organizational culture","volume":"30","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nursing Education Perspectives"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072820190137000_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.2.246","article-title":"The two faces of transformational leadership: empowerment and dependency","volume":"88","author":"Kark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref044","first-page":"251","article-title":"Studying the impact of leadership styles (transformational, transactional, non-interference) on psychological empowerment","author":"Khanmohammadi","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072820190137000_ref018","first-page":"233","article-title":"Praxeological analysis of the teaching conditions of the energy concept","volume":"5","author":"Kurnaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025072820190137000_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1108\/01437739910302524","article-title":"The relationship between commitment and organizational culture, subculture, leadership style, and job satisfaction in organizational change and development","volume":"20","author":"Lok","year":"1999","journal-title":"Leadership & Organizational Development Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072820190137000_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1080\/09585190050075114","article-title":"Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies","volume":"11","author":"Ogbonna","year":"2000","journal-title":"The International Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref021","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Promoting Organisational Citizenship Behavior Through Human Resource Empowerment: Empirical Evidence from Indian Service Industries, Emerging challenges in HR VUCA Perspective","author":"Panda","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref022","volume-title":"Training Instruments in HRD and OD","author":"Pareek","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072820190137000_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/1048-9843(90)90009-7","article-title":"Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers\u2019 trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors","volume":"1","author":"Podsakoff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072820190137000_ref023","first-page":"13","article-title":"Workplace spirituality and organisational commitment: role of emotional intelligence among Indian banking professional","volume":"19","author":"Pradhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resource Management"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452272054.n2","volume-title":"The Sage Sourcebook of Advanced Data Analysis Methods for Communication Research","author":"Preacher","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072820190137000_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428109332834","article-title":"A tale of three perspectives examining post hoc statistical techniques for detection and correction of common method variance","volume":"12","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072820190137000_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/1548051808324100","article-title":"Building a climate for innovation through transformational leadership and organizational culture","volume":"15","author":"Sarros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref054","volume-title":"Organizational Culture and Leadership","author":"Schein","year":"1992"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref025","volume-title":"Organizational Culture and Leadership","author":"Schein","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025072820190137000_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022676","article-title":"Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: a meta-analytic review","volume":"96","author":"Seibert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072820190137000_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601199244005","article-title":"The relationship between organizational climate and employee perceptions of involvement: the importance of support","volume":"24","author":"Shadur","year":"1999","journal-title":"Group and Organization Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072820190137000_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.4.4.577","article-title":"The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: a self-concept based theory","volume":"4","author":"Shamir","year":"1993","journal-title":"Organizational Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025072820190137000_ref028","first-page":"175","article-title":"Indian retail market: opportunities and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072820190137000_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.4.422","article-title":"Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations","volume":"7","author":"Shrout","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025072820190137000_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1108\/01437730410561477","article-title":"The impact of organizational culture and person-organization fit on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taiwan","volume":"25","author":"Silverthorne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leadership & Organization Development Journal"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref029","first-page":"290","volume-title":"Sociological Methodology","author":"Sobel","year":"1982"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072820190137000_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/hrdq.21120","article-title":"Role of transformational leadership in effective organizational knowledge creation practices: mediating effects of employees\u2019 work engagement","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Resource Development Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072820190137000_ref031","first-page":"119","article-title":"Albania organizational culture impact on psychological empowerment of academic staff","volume":"3","author":"Sotirofski","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Sustainable Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025072820190137000_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.2307\/256865","article-title":"Psychological empowerment in the workplace: dimensions, measurement, and validation","volume":"38","author":"Spreitzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref058","first-page":"54","volume-title":"Handbook of Organizational Behavior","author":"Spreitzer","year":"2008"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025072820190137000_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2006.23478718","article-title":"Empowering leadership in management teams: effects on knowledge sharing, efficacy, and performance","volume":"49","author":"Srivastava","year":"2006","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072820190137000_ref034","first-page":"666","article-title":"Cognitive elements of empowerment","volume":"15","author":"Thomas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref035","volume-title":"The Cultures of Work Organizations","author":"Trice","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072820190137000_ref036","first-page":"381","article-title":"Organizational culture in Indian organization: an empirical study","volume":"3","author":"Tyagi","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Indian culture and Business Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072820190137000_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2307\/259082","article-title":"CEO charismatic leadership: levels-of-management and levels-of-analysis effect","volume":"24","author":"Waldman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072820190137000_ref038","first-page":"29","article-title":"Individuals and organizations: the cultural match","volume":"37","author":"Wallach","year":"1983","journal-title":"Training and Development Journal"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref039","volume-title":"Leadership in Organizations","author":"Yukl","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025072820190137000_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00922695","article-title":"Taking aim on empowerment research: on the distinction between individual and psychological conceptions","volume":"18","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072820190137000_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1348\/096317999166789","article-title":"Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership questionnaire","volume":"72","author":"Avolio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology"},{"key":"2025072820190137000_ref041","volume-title":"Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture","author":"Cameron","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025072820190137000_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2010.498290","article-title":"Estimating and testing indirect effects in simple mediation models when the constituent paths are nonlinear","volume":"45","author":"Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioural Research"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"2025072820190137000_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1048-9843(03)00050-X","article-title":"The role of transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: hypotheses and some preliminary findings","volume":"14","author":"Jung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025072820190137000_ref045","first-page":"259","article-title":"Transformational leadership behaviours and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, organizational citizenship behaviours","volume":"22","author":"Podsakoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Management"}],"container-title":["Journal of Enterprise Information Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JEIM-01-2016-0026\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jeim\/article-pdf\/30\/1\/82\/1355476\/jeim-01-2016-0026.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jeim\/article-pdf\/30\/1\/82\/1355476\/jeim-01-2016-0026.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:19:16Z","timestamp":1753748356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jeim\/article\/30\/1\/82\/199623\/Transformational-leadership-and-psychological"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jeim-01-2016-0026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-0398","1758-7409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-0398","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-7409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]}}}