{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:36:38Z","timestamp":1780569398953,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]],"date-time":"2016-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The purpose of this paper is to propose a fresh perspective to effectively adopt leagility in supply chain. The research adopts Theory of Constraints (TOC) methodology and amalgamates it with design thinking process, people\u2019s opinion and mathematical approach to help achieve supply chain leagility. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The proposed framework is a seven stepped approach to achieve supply chain leagility combination analytical and mathematical procedures. Data enveloping analysis (DEA) is used to identify high level constraint. The new designed thinking process is used to further evaluate the constraints. Nominal group technique (NGT) is used to help build the current reality tree and identify detail level constraints. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The framework application on a case supply chain improves various parameters of leanness and agility over a period of one year. Improvements include reduced rework, improved cash flow, reduced operating cost, reduced order backlog and better customer interaction. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 This research opens up TOC application in a totally new area of leagility adoption in supply chain. The framework needs to be explored with more implementation in various business scenarios. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The proposed framework is extremely intuitive and pragmatic in approach. The case application demonstrates the framework can be easily adopted by supply chain managers to improve leagility. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Social implications<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 The current study attempts to diversify the TOC application. Using thinking process, DEA and NGT in TOC parlance brings in objectivity and employees together for improvement. <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n \u2013 Amalgamating the mathematical approach of DEA, design thinking process and NGT within the TOC framework for supply chain leagility is new and novel.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jeim-08-2014-0086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]],"date-time":"2016-04-07T03:27:37Z","timestamp":1459999657000},"page":"400-431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A contemporary TOC innovative thinking process in the backdrop of leagile supply chain"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Arnab","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saroj Kumar","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aristovnik, A.\n , \n Seijak, J.\n and \n Mencinger, J.\n (2013), \u201cRelative efficiency of police directorates in Slovenia: a non-parametric analysis\u201d, \n Expert Systems with Applications\n , Vol. 40 No. 2, pp. 820-827.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.08.027"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Backhouse, C.J.\n and \n Burns, D.N.\n (1999), \u201cAgile supply chains for manufacturing \u2013 implications for performance measures\u201d, \n International Journal of Agile Management Systems\n , Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 76-82.","DOI":"10.1108\/14654659910280893"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, A.\n , \n Sarkar, B.\n and \n Mukhopadhyay, S.K.\n (2012), \u201cMultiple decoupling point paradigms in a global supply chain syndrome: a relational analysis\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Research\n , Vol. 50 No. 11, pp. 3051-3065.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2011.588624"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackstone, J.H.\n (2010), \u201cTheory of constraints \u2013 a status report\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Research\n , Vol. 39 No. 6, pp. 1053-1080.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207540010028119"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackstone, J.H. Jr\n , \n Cox, J.F. III\n and \n Schleier, J.G. Jr\n (2009), \u201cA tutorial on project management from a theory of constraints perspective\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Research\n , Vol. 47 No. 24, pp. 7029-7046.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207540802392551"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogetoft, P.\n and \n Hougaard, J.L.\n (2004), \u201cSuperefficiency evaluations based on potential slack\u201d, \n European Journal of Operational Research\n , Vol. 152 No. 1, pp. 14-21.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00642-2"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b9","unstructured":"Brown, T.\n (2008), \u201cDesign thinking\u201d, \n Harvard Business Review\n , available at: https:\/\/hbr.org\/2008\/06\/design-thinking (accessed March 19, 2015)."},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charnes, A.\n , \n Cooper, W.W.\n and \n Rhodes, E.\n (1978), \u201cMeasuring the efficiency of decision making units\u201d, \n European Journal of Operational Research\n , Vol. 2 No. 6, pp. 429-444.","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(78)90138-8"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhari, C.V.\n and \n Mukhopadhyay, S.K.\n (2003), \u201cApplication of theory of constraints in an integrated poultry industry\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Research\n , Vol. 41 No. 4, pp. 799-817.","DOI":"10.1080\/0020754031000065548"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.\n (2004), \u201cRanking efficient units in DEA\u201d, \n Omega\n , Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 213-219.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2003.11.001"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christopher, M.\n and \n Towill, D.R.\n (2000), \u201cSupply chain migration from lean and functional to agile and customized\u201d, \n Supply Chain Management: An International Journal\n , Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 206-213.","DOI":"10.1108\/13598540010347334"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coman, A.\n and \n Ronen, B.\n (1995), \u201cInformation technology in operations management: a theory-of-constraint approach\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Research\n , Vol. 33 No. 5, pp. 1403-1415.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207549508930217"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coman, A.\n and \n Ronen, B.\n (2007), \u201cManaging strategic and tactical constraints in the Hi-Tech industry\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Research\n , Vol. 45 No. 4, pp. 779-788.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207540600597237"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costas, J.\n , \n Ponte, B.\n , \n Fuente, D.\n , \n Pino, R.\n and \n Puche, J.\n (2015), \u201cApplying Goldratt\u2019s theory of constraints to reduce the bullwhip effect through agent-based modeling\u201d, \n Expert Systems with Applications\n , Vol. 42 No. 4, pp. 2049-2060.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2014.10.022"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dula, J.H.\n and \n Hickman, B.L.\n (1997), \u201cEffects of excluding the column being scored from the DEA envelopment LP technology matrix\u201d, \n Journal of Operational Research Society\n , Vol. 48 No. 10, pp. 1001-1012.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2600434"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b20","unstructured":"Gattiker, T.F.\n and \n Boyd, L.H.\n (1999), \u201cA cause-and-effect approach to analyzing continuous improvement at an electronics manufacturing facility\u201d, \n Production and Inventory Management Journal\n , Vol. 40 No. 2, pp. 26-31."},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b23","unstructured":"Goldratt, E.M.\n (1994), \n It\u2019s Not Luck\n , North River Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b22","unstructured":"Goldratt, E.M.\n (1997), \n Critical Chain\n , North River Press, Great Barrington, MA."},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b21","unstructured":"Goldratt, E.M.\n and \n Cox, J.\n (1984), \n The Goal: Excellence In Manufacturing\n , North River Press, Inc, Croton-on-Hudson, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b24","unstructured":"Helour, M.M.\n and \n Caddy, I.N.\n (2006), \u201cCustomer-driven markets in supply and distribution chains: a nonprofit services marketing perspective\u201d, \n Innovative Marketing\n , Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 54-61."},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S.\n , \n Chen, H.\n , \n Chiu, A.\n and \n Chen, C.\n (2014), \u201cThe application of the theory of constraints and activity-based costing to business excellence: the case of automotive electronics manufacture firms\u201d, \n Total Quality Management & Business Excellence\n , Vol. 25 Nos 5-6, pp. 532-545.","DOI":"10.1080\/14783363.2013.820023"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ifandoudas, P.\n and \n Chapman, R.\n (2009), \u201cA practical approach to achieving agility \u2013 a theory of constraints perspective\u201d, \n Production Planning & Control\n , Vol. 20 No. 8, pp. 691-702.","DOI":"10.1080\/09537280903107473"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnes, J.\n (2006), \u201cData envelopment analysis and its application to the measurement of efficiency in higher education\u201d, \n Economics of Education Review\n , Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 273-288.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2005.02.005"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuntz, L.\n , \n Scholtes, S.\n and \n Vera, A.\n (2007), \u201cIncorporating efficiency in hospital capacity planning in Germany\u201d, \n European Journal of Health Economics\n , Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 213-223.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-006-0021-6"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovell, C.A.K.\n and \n Rouse, A.P.B.\n (2003), \u201cEquivalent standard DEA models to provide super-efficiency scores\u201d, \n Journal of Operational Research Society\n , Vol. 54 No. 1, pp. 101-108.","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2601483"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naylor, B.J.\n , \n Naim, M.M.\n and \n Berry, D.\n (1999), \u201cLeagility: integrating the lean and agile manufacturing paradigms in the total supply chain\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Economics\n , Vol. 62 Nos 1-2, pp. 107-118.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5273(98)00223-0"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b34","unstructured":"Plattner, H.\n (2012), \n An Introduction to Design Thinking Process Guide\n , Institute of Design at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, available at: https:\/\/dschool.stanford.edu\/sandbox\/groups\/designresources\/wiki\/36873\/attachments\/74b3d\/ModeGuideBOOTCAMP2010L.pdf (accessed November 12, 2014)."},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seiford, L.M.\n and \n Zhu, J.\n (1999), \u201cInfeasibility of super-efficiency data envelopment analysis models\u201d, \n INFOR\n , Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 174-187.","DOI":"10.1080\/03155986.1999.11732379"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer, M.S.\n and \n Cox, J.F. III\n (1995), \u201cOptimum production technology (OPT) and the theory of constraints (TOC): analysis and genealogy\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Research\n , Vol. 33 No. 6, pp. 1495-1504.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207549508930224"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thrall, R.M.\n (1996), \u201cDuality, classification and slacks in DEA\u201d, \n Annals of Operations Research Society\n , Vol. 66 No. 2, pp. 109-138.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02187297"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tone, K.\n (2001), \u201cA slacks-based measure of super-efficiency in data envelopment analysis\u201d, \n European Journal of Operational Research\n , Vol. 143 No. 1, pp. 32-41.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00324-1"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umble, M.\n , \n Umble, E.\n and \n Murakami, S.\n (2006), \u201cImplementing theory of constraints in a traditional Japanese manufacturing environment: the case of Hitachi tool engineering\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Research\n , Vol. 44 No. 10, pp. 1863-1880.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207540500381393"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b43","unstructured":"Wall, K.\n (2010), \u201cLearning how to use design thinking\u201d, \n Innovation Management\n , available at: www.innovationmanagement.se\/2010\/11\/29\/learning-how-to-use-design-thinking (accessed October 7, 2012)."},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, K.J.\n and \n Polito, T.\n (2003), \u201cComparison of DRP and TOC financial performance within a multi-product, multi-echelon physical distribution environment\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Research\n , Vol. 41 No. 4, pp. 741-765.","DOI":"10.1080\/0020754031000065511"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, K.J.\n , \n Blackstone, J.H.\n and \n Gardiner, S.C.\n (2007), \u201cThe evolution of a management philosophy: the theory of constraints\u201d, \n Journal of Operations Management\n , Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 387-402.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2006.04.004"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H.\n , \n Lee, A.H.I.\n and \n Tsai, T.\n (2014), \u201cA two-level replenishment frequency model for TOC supply chain replenishment systems under capacity constraint\u201d, \n Computers & Industrial Engineering\n , Vol. 72, June, pp. 152-159.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2014.03.006"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b49","unstructured":"Zhu, J.\n (2012), \u201cFree software for DEA\u201d, available at: www.deafrontier.net\/software.html (accessed April 23, 2012)."},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu., J.\n (1996), \u201cRobustness of the efficient DMUs in data envelopment analysis\u201d, \n European Journal of Operational Research\n , Vol. 90 No. 3, pp. 451-460.","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(95)00054-2"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_frd1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akkerman, R.\n , \n Meer, D.\n and \n Donk, P.\n (2010), \u201cMake to stock and mix to order: choosing intermediate products in the food processing industry\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Research\n , Vol. 48 No. 12, pp. 3475-3492.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207540902810569"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_frd2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banomyong, R.\n , \n Veerakachen, V.\n and \n Supatn, N.\n (2008), \u201cImplementing leagility in reverse logistics channels\u201d, \n International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications\n , Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 31-47.","DOI":"10.1080\/13675560701403651"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_frd3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donk, P.\n (2001), \u201cMake to stock or make to order: the decoupling point in the food processing industries\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Economics\n , Vol. 69 No. 3, pp. 297-306.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5273(00)00035-9"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_frd4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finch, B.J.\n and \n Luebbe, R.L.\n (2010), \u201cResponse to \u2018theory of constraints and linear programming: a reexamination\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Research\n , Vol. 38 No. 6, pp. 1465-1466.","DOI":"10.1080\/002075400188960"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_frd5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.\n and \n Li, S.\n (2010), \u201cHow to achieve leagility: a case study of a personal computer original equipment manufacturer in Taiwan\u201d, \n Journal of Manufacturing Systems\n , Vol. 29 Nos 2-3, pp. 63-70.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2010.09.001"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_frd6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnamurthy, R.\n and \n Yauch, C.A.\n (2007), \u201cLeagile manufacturing: a proposed corporate infrastructure\u201d, \n International Journal of Operations & Production Management\n , Vol. 27 No. 6, pp. 588-604.","DOI":"10.1108\/01443570710750277"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_frd7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason-Jones, R.\n , \n Naylor, B.\n and \n Towill, D.R.\n (2000), \u201cEngineering the leagile supply chain\u201d, \n International Journal of Agile Management Systems\n , Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 54-61.","DOI":"10.1108\/14654650010312606"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_frd8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahimnia, F.\n and \n Mahdi, M.\n (2010), \u201cSupply chain leagility in professional services: how to apply decoupling point concept in healthcare delivery system\u201d, \n Supply Chain Management: An International Journal\n , Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 80-91.","DOI":"10.1108\/13598541011018148"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_frd9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vera, A.\n and \n Kuntz, L.\n (2007), \u201cProcess-based organization design and hospital efficiency\u201d, \n Health Care Management Review\n , Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 55-65.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004010-200701000-00008"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_frd10","unstructured":"Vorst, J.G.A.J.\n , \n Dijk, S.\n and \n Beulens, A.\n (2001), \u201cLeagile supply chain design in the food industry: using decoupling points in an inflexible poultry supply chain with high demand uncertainty\u201d, \n The International Journal on Logistics Management\n , Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 73-85."},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_frd11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wikner, J.\n and \n Rudberg, M.\n (2005), \u201cIntroducing a customer order decoupling zone in logistics decision making\u201d, \n International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications\n , Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 211-224.","DOI":"10.1080\/13675560500282595"},{"key":"key2020121623432181500_frd12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanez, C.F.\n , \n Frayret, M.J.\n , \n Leger, F.\n and \n Rousseau, A.\n (2009), \u201cAgent-based simulation and analysis of demand-driven production strategies in the timber industry\u201d, \n International Journal of Production Research\n , Vol. 47 No. 22, pp. 6295-6319.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207540802158283"}],"container-title":["Journal of Enterprise Information Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/JEIM-08-2014-0086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JEIM-08-2014-0086\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JEIM-08-2014-0086\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T22:31:50Z","timestamp":1753396310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jeim\/article\/29\/3\/400-431\/202091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JEIM-08-2014-0086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jeim-08-2014-0086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-0398"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-0398","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,11]]}}}