{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:25:52Z","timestamp":1776119152044,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JEIM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Green Deal strategy of the European Union (EU) as well as the increasing concerns over resource scarcity worldwide has put forward such concepts as the circular economy. This paper seeks to compare the progress of the development of the circular economy across the EU Member States. Such analysis is helpful in guiding the circular economy support policies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper develops a quantitative framework for analysis of the implementation of the circular economy objectives in the EU Member States. The framework proposed includes three multi-criteria decision making methods representing reference point and outranking approaches. The use of multiple methods allows exploiting the differences in the underlying aggregation principles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands appear as the most advanced in the sense of circular economy development. The results indicate that the water-locked small countries and the new EU Member States are among the lowest performing ones. The flows of the waste need to be monitored more tightly in order to increase the circularity. The development of recycling facilities can also increase circularity irrespectively of the economic development level (e.g. the case of Bulgaria).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper contributes to the discussion regarding the circular economy by proposing an indicator system and the multi-criteria analysis framework. The proposed indicator system covers input use (circularity), trade flows and recycling processes. The proposed framework can be applied to track the progress of different countries in implementing the targets of the circular economy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jeim-11-2020-0440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T04:39:26Z","timestamp":1617943166000},"page":"243-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Development and integrated assessment of the circular economy in the European Union: the outranking approach"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2762-4425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"\u016asas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-1711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Balezentis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3247-9912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia","family":"Streimikiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key2025012304070931700_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s13243-018-0064-8","article-title":"Circular economy assessment tool for end of life product recovery strategies","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Remanufacturing"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2025012304070931700_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5129","DOI":"10.3390\/su12125129","article-title":"A multi-criteria evaluation method of product-level circularity strategies","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"key2025012304070931700_ref003","first-page":"22","article-title":"Advancing the circular economy through group decision-making and stakeholder involvement","volume":"4","year":"2018","journal-title":"Detritus"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2025012304070931700_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10611-012-9383-0","article-title":"Is it all going to waste? 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