{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T10:14:55Z","timestamp":1781950495207,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]],"date-time":"2015-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The basis of value creation has shifted from tangible factors of production towards intangible resources such as intellectual capital (IC) (e.g. Grant, 1996). The average organisation\u2019s IC has been estimated to be three to four times over its book value (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997); thus, it is vital for companies to understand how it is created, managed, measured and evaluated. However, there are still many debated and complex issues, and the empirical measurement of IC is one of those. The purpose of this paper is to determine if IC systematically influences firm performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 A systematic review procedure was utilised as this study\u2019s research design.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The findings demonstrate that IC influences firm performance mainly through interactions, combinations and mediations. Also, there is a great deal of evidence on the significant relationship between IC and firm\u2019s innovation performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 This paper reviews only empirical studies based on survey data and statistical methods of analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 The research points to some focal aspects of IC that are associated with firm performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2013 This is the first study to review empirical literature on IC and firm performance. It increases the current understanding by bringing together the research related to the issue and drawing meta-level analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jic-01-2015-0002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]],"date-time":"2015-06-23T05:55:18Z","timestamp":1435038918000},"page":"518-565","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":281,"title":["Review of empirical research on intellectual capital and firm performance"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Henri","family":"Inkinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b83","unstructured":"*Indicates a source that was included in the systematic review."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amit, R. and Schoemaker, P.J.H. (1993), \u201cStrategic assets and organizational rents\u201d, Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 33-46.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250140105"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreeva, T. and Kianto, A. (2012), \u201cDoes knowledge management really matter? Linking knowledge management practices, competitiveness and economic performance\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management , Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 617-636.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673271211246185"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Aramburu, N. and S\u00e1enz, J. (2011), \u201cStructural capital, innovation capability, and size effect: an empirical study\u201d, Journal of Management and Organization , Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 307-325.","DOI":"10.5172\/jmo.2011.17.3.307"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Bollen, L. , Vergauwen, P. and Schnieders, S. (2005), \u201cLinking intellectual capital and intellectual property to company performance\u201d, Management Decision , Vol. 43 No. 9, pp. 1161-1185.","DOI":"10.1108\/00251740510626254"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Bontis, N. (1998), \u201cIntellectual capital: an exploratory study that develops measures and models\u201d, Management Decision , Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 63-76.","DOI":"10.1108\/00251749810204142"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bontis, N. (2001), \u201cAssessing knowledge assets: a review of the models used to measure intellectual capital\u201d, International Journal of Management Reviews , Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 41-60.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2370.00053"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Bontis, N. , Keow, W.C.C. and Richardson, S. (2000), \u201cIntellectual capital and business performance in Malaysian industries\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 85-100.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691930010324188"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Bontis, N. , Seleim, A. and Ashour, A. (2007), \u201cHuman capital and organizational performance: a study of Egyptian software companies\u201d, Management Decision , Vol. 45 No. 4, pp. 789-801.","DOI":"10.1108\/00251740710746033"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Bozbura, F.T. (2004), \u201cMeasurement and application of intellectual capital in Turkey\u201d, The Learning Organization , Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 357-367.","DOI":"10.1108\/09696470410538251"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Cabello-Medina, C. , L\u00f3pez-Cabrales, A. and Valle-Cabrera, R. (2011), \u201cLeveraging the innovative performance of human capital through HRM and social capital in Spanish firms\u201d, International Journal of Human Resource Management , Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 807-828.","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2011.555125"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Cabrita, M.R. and Bontis, N. (2008), \u201cIntellectual capital and business performance in the Portuguese banking industry\u201d, International Journal of Technology Management , Vol. 43 Nos 1-3, pp. 212-237.","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTM.2008.019416"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Carmona-Lavado, A. , Cuevas-Rodr\u00edguez, G. and Cabello-Medina, C. (2010), \u201cSocial and organizational capital: building the context for innovation\u201d, Industrial Marketing Management , Vol. 39 No. 4, pp. 681-690.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2009.09.003"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Castro, G.M. , Delgado-Verde, M. , Amores-Salvad\u00f3, J. and Navas-L\u00f3pez, J.E. (2013), \u201cLinking human, technological, and relational assets to technological innovation: exploring a new approach\u201d, Knowledge Management Research & Practice , Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 123-132.","DOI":"10.1057\/kmrp.2013.8"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*\u010cater, T. and \u010cater, B. (2009), \u201c(in)Tangible resources as antecedents of a company\u2019s competitive advantage and performance\u201d, Journal for East European Management Studies , Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 186-209.","DOI":"10.5771\/0949-6181-2009-2-186"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Chen, J. , Zhu, Z. and Hong, Y.X. (2004), \u201cMeasuring intellectual capital: a new model and empirical study\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 195-212.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691930410513003"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Chen, Y.-S. , Lin, M.-J.J. and Chang, C.-H. (2006), \u201cThe influence of intellectual capital on new product development performance \u2013 the manufacturing companies of Taiwan as an example\u201d, Total Quality Management and Business Excellence , Vol. 17 No. 10, pp. 1323-1339.","DOI":"10.1080\/14783360601058979"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b17","unstructured":"Chesbrough, H. (2003), Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology , Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Chien, S.-H. and Chao, M.-C. (2011), \u201cIntellectual capital and new product sale performance of the financial services industry in Taiwan\u201d, Service Industries Journal , Vol. 31 No. 16, pp. 2641-2659.","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2010.506572"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, W. and Levinthal, D. (1990), \u201cAbsorptive capability: a new perspective on learning and innovation\u201d, Administrative Science Quarterly , Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 128-152.","DOI":"10.2307\/2393553"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Delgado-Verde, M. , Castro, G.M. and Navas-L\u00f3pez, J.E. (2011a), \u201cOrganizational knowledge assets and innovation capability: evidence from Spanish manufacturing firms\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 5-19.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691931111097890"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Delgado-Verde, M. , Navas-L\u00f3pez, J.E. , Cruz-Gonz\u00e1lez, J. and Amores-Salvad\u00f3, J. (2011b), \u201cRadical innovation from relations-based knowledge: empirical evidence in Spanish technology-intensive firms\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management , Vol. 15 No. 5, pp. 722-737.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673271111174294"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b22","unstructured":"Drucker, P.F. (1993), \u201cThe rise of the knowledge society\u201d, Wilson Quarterly , Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 52-70."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumay, J. and Garanina, T. (2013), \u201cIntellectual capital research: a critical examination of the third stage\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 10-25.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691931311288995"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b24","unstructured":"Dzinkowski, R. (2000), \u201cThe measurement and management of intellectual capital: an introduction\u201d, Management Accounting , Vol. 78 No. 2, pp. 32-36."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b25","unstructured":"Edvinsson, L. and Malone, M. (1997), Intellectual Capital: Realising Your Company\u2019s True Value by Finding Its Hidden Brainpower , Harper Collins, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falagas, M.E. , Pitsouni, E.I. , Malietzis, G.A. and Pappas, G. (2008), \u201cComparison of pubmed, scopus, web of science, and google scholar: strengths and weaknesses\u201d, The Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology , Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 338-342.","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9492LSF"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*F-Jard\u00f3n, C.M. and Martos, M.S. (2009), \u201cIntellectual capital and performance in wood industries of Argentina\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 600-616.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691930910996670"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Gonz\u00e1lez-Loureiro, M. and Dorrego, P.F. (2012), \u201cIntellectual capital and system of innovation: what really matters at innovative SMEs\u201d, Intangible Capital , Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 239-274.","DOI":"10.3926\/ic.273"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, R. (1996), \u201cToward a knowledge-based theory of the firm\u201d, Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 17 No. S2, pp. 109-122.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250171110"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guthrie, J. , Ricceri, F. and Dumay, J. (2012), \u201cReflections and projections: a decade of intellectual capital accounting research\u201d, The British Accounting Review , Vol. 44 No. 2, pp. 68-82.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bar.2012.03.004"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Hormiga, E. , Batista-Canino, R.M. and S\u00e1nchez-Medina, A. (2011a), \u201cThe impact of relational capital on the success of new business start-ups\u201d, Journal of Small Business Management , Vol. 49 No. 4, pp. 617-638.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-627X.2011.00339.x"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Hormiga, E. , Batista-Canino, R.M. and S\u00e1nchez-Medina, A. (2011b), \u201cThe role of intellectual capital in the success of new ventures\u201d, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal , Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 71-92.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-010-0139-y"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Hsu, I.-C. and Sabherwal, R. (2012), \u201cRelationship between intellectual capital and knowledge management: an empirical investigation\u201d, Decision Sciences , Vol. 43 No. 3, pp. 489-524.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2012.00357.x"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Hsu, Y.-H. and Fang, W. (2009), \u201cIntellectual capital and new product development performance: the mediating role of organizational learning capability\u201d, Technological Forecasting and Social Change , Vol. 76 No. 5, pp. 664-677.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2008.03.012"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Huang, C.-F. and Hsueh, S.-L. (2007), \u201cA study on the relationship between intellectual capital and business performance in the engineering consulting industry: a path analysis\u201d, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management , Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 265-271.","DOI":"10.3846\/13923730.2007.9636446"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Huang, Y.-C. and. Wu, Y.-C.J. (2010), \u201cIntellectual capital and knowledge productivity: the Taiwan biotech industry\u201d, Management Decision , Vol. 48 No. 4, pp. 580-599.","DOI":"10.1108\/00251741011041364"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huizingh, E.K.R.E. (2011), \u201cOpen innovation: state of the art and future perspectives\u201d, Technovation , Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 2-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2010.10.002"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Jardon, C.M. and Martos, M.S. (2012), \u201cIntellectual capital as competitive advantage in emerging clusters in Latin America\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 462-481.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691931211276098"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Kamukama, N. , Ahiauzu, A. and Ntayi, J.M. (2010), \u201cIntellectual capital and performance: testing interaction effects\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 554-574.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691931011085687"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Kamukama, N. , Ahiauzu, A. and Ntayi, J.M. (2011), \u201cCompetitive advantage: mediator of intellectual capital and performance\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 152-164.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691931111097953"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Kianto, A. and Waajakoski, J. (2010), \u201cLinking social capital to organizational growth\u201d, Knowledge Management Research and Practice , Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 4-14.","DOI":"10.1057\/kmrp.2009.29"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kianto, A. , Ritala, P. , Spender, J.-C. and Vanhala, M. (2014), \u201cThe interaction of intellectual capital assets and knowledge management practices in organizational value creation\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 362-375.","DOI":"10.1108\/JIC-05-2014-0059"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Kim, T. , Kim, W.G. , Park, S.S.-S. , Lee, G. and Jee, B. (2012), \u201cIntellectual capital and business performance: what structural relationships do they have in upper-upscale hotels?\u201d, International Journal of Tourism Research , Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 391-408.","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.1868"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawson, B. and Samson, D. (2001), \u201cDeveloping innovation capability in organizations: a dynamic capabilities approach\u201d, International Journal of Innovation Management , Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 377-400.","DOI":"10.1142\/S1363919601000427"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Leitner, K.-H. (2011), \u201cThe effect of intellectual capital on product innovativeness in SMEs\u201d, International Journal of Technology Management , Vol. 53 No. 1, pp. 1-18.","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTM.2011.037235"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Ling, Y.-H. (2013), \u201cThe influence of intellectual capital on organizational performance \u2013 knowledge management as moderator\u201d, Asia Pacific Journal of Management , Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 937-964.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10490-011-9257-5"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Maditinos, D. , \u0160evi\u0107, Z. and Tsairidis, C. (2010), \u201cIntellectual capital and business performance: an empirical study for the Greek listed companies\u201d, European Research Studies Journal , Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 145-167.","DOI":"10.35808\/ersj\/291"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Mathuramaytha, C. (2012), \u201cThe impacts of intellectual capital on innovative capability: building the sustain competitive advantage on a resource-based perspective of Thailand industrials\u201d, International Business Management , Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 451-457.","DOI":"10.3923\/ibm.2012.451.457"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b49","unstructured":"*Mehdivand, M. , Reza Zali, M. , Madhoshi, M. and Kordnaeij, A. (2012), \u201cIntellectual capital and nano-businesses performance: the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation\u201d, European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences , No. 52, pp. 147-162."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Menor, L.J. , Kristal, M.M. and Rosenzweig, E.D. (2007), \u201cExamining the influence of operational intellectual capital on capabilities and performance\u201d, Manufacturing and Service Operations Management , Vol. 9 No. 4, pp. 559-578.","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.1060.0131"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Mention, A.-L. and Bontis, N. (2013), \u201cIntellectual capital and performance within the banking sector of Luxembourg and Belgium\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 286-309.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691931311323896"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahapiet, J. and Ghoshal, S. (1998), \u201cSocial capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage\u201d, The Academy of Management Review , Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 242-266.","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1998.533225"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Namvar, M. , Fathian, M. , Akhavan, P. and Gholamian, M.R. (2010), \u201cExploring the impacts of intellectual property on intellectual capital and company performance: the case of Iranian computer and electronic organizations\u201d, Management Decision , Vol. 48 No. 5, pp. 676-697.","DOI":"10.1108\/00251741011043876"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nonaka, I. and Takeuchi, H. (1995), The Knowledge-Creating Company , Oxford University Press, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195092691.001.0001"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palacios Marqu\u00e9s, D. and Garrig\u00f3s-Sim\u00f3n, F.J. (2006), \u201cThe effect of knowledge management practices on firm performance\u201d, Journal of Knowledge Management , Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 143-156.","DOI":"10.1108\/13673270610670911"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petty, R. and Guthrie, J. (2000), \u201cIntellectual capital literature review: measurement, reporting and management\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 155-176.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691930010348731"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Reed, K.K. , Lubatkin, M. and Srinivasan, N. (2006), \u201cProposing and testing an intellectual capital-based view of the firm\u201d, Journal of Management Studies , Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 867-893.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2006.00614.x"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roos, G. and Roos, J. (1997), \u201cMeasuring your company\u2019s intellectual performance\u201d, Long Range Planning , Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 413-426.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-6301(97)90260-0"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serenko, A. and Bontis, N. (2004), \u201cMeta-review of knowledge management and intellectual capital literature: citation impact and research productivity rankings\u201d, Knowledge and Process Management , Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 185-198.","DOI":"10.1002\/kpm.203"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serenko, A. and Bontis, N. (2013), \u201cInvestigating the current state and impact of the intellectual capital academic discipline\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 476-500.","DOI":"10.1108\/JIC-11-2012-0099"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Sharabati, A.-A.A. , Jawad, S.N. and Bontis, N. (2010), \u201cIntellectual capital and business performance in the pharmaceutical sector of Jordan\u201d, Management Decision , Vol. 48 No. 1, pp. 105-131.","DOI":"10.1108\/00251741011014481"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00e5hle, P. , St\u00e5hle, S. and Aho, S. (2011), \u201cValue added intellectual coefficient (VAIC): a critical analysis\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 531-551.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691931111181715"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Steinfield, C. , Scupola, A. and L\u00f3pez-Nicol\u00e1s, C. (2010), \u201cSocial capital, ICT use and company performance: findings from the medicon valley biotech cluster\u201d, Technological Forecasting and Social Change , Vol. 77 No. 7, pp. 1156-1166.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2010.03.004"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b63","unstructured":"Stewart, T. (1997), Intellectual Capital: The New Wealth of Organizations , Doubleday, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Subramaniam, M. and Youndt, M.A. (2005), \u201cThe influence of intellectual capital on the types of innovative capabilities\u201d, Academy of Management Journal , Vol. 48 No. 3, pp. 450-463.","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2005.17407911"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b66","unstructured":"Sullivan, P. (1998), Profiting from Intellectual Capital: Extracting Value from Innovation , Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Suraj, O.A. and Bontis, N. (2012), \u201cManaging intellectual capital in Nigerian telecommunications companies\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 262-282.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691931211225724"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b68","unstructured":"Sveiby, K.E. (1997), The New Organizational Wealth: Managing and Measuring Knowledge-based Assets , Berrett-Koehlen, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teece, D.J. , Pisano, G. and Shuen, A. (1997), \u201cDynamic capabilities and strategic management\u201d, Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 18 No. 7, pp. 509-533.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Tovstiga, G. and Tulugurova, E. (2007), \u201cIntellectual capital practices and performance in Russian enterprises\u201d, Journal of Intellectual Capital , Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 695-707.","DOI":"10.1108\/14691930710830846"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Tseng, C.-Y. and Goo, Y.-J.J. (2005), \u201cIntellectual capital and corporate value in an emerging economy: empirical study of Taiwanese manufacturers\u201d, R&D Management , Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 187-201.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2005.00382.x"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Wang, D. and Chen, S. (2013), \u201cDoes intellectual capital matter? High-performance work systems and bilateral innovative capabilities\u201d, International Journal of Manpower , Vol. 34 No. 8, pp. 861-879.","DOI":"10.1108\/IJM-07-2013-0167"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b73","unstructured":"World Bank (2005), \u201cWhere is the wealth of nations? Measuring capital for the 21st century\u201d, available at: https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/7505 (accessed 15 October 2014)."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b74","unstructured":"*Wu, S.-H. , Lin, L.-Y. and Hsu, M.-Y. (2007), \u201cIntellectual capital, dynamic capabilities and innovative performance of organisations\u201d, International Journal of Technology Management , Vol. 39 Nos 3-4, pp. 279-296."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b76","unstructured":"*Wu, W.-Y. and Tsai, H.-J. (2005), \u201cImpact of social capital and business operation mode on intellectual capital and knowledge management\u201d, International Journal of Technology Management , Vol. 30 Nos 1-2, pp. 147-171."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Wu, W.-Y. , Chang, M.-L. and Chen, C.-W. (2008), \u201cPromoting innovation through the accumulation of intellectual capital, social capital, and entrepreneurial orientation\u201d, R&D Management , Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 265-277.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9914.00120-i1"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Yang, C.-C. and Lin, C.Y.-Y. (2009), \u201cDoes intellectual capital mediate the relationship between HRM and organizational performance? Perspective of a healthcare industry in Taiwan\u201d, International Journal of Human Resource Management , Vol. 20 No. 9, pp. 1965-1984.","DOI":"10.1080\/09585190903142415"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Yli-Renko, H. , Autio, E. and Sapienza, H.J. (2001), \u201cSocial capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms\u201d, Strategic Management Journal , Vol. 22 Nos 6-7, pp. 587-613.","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.183"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Yli-Renko, H. , Autio, E. and Tontti, V. (2002), \u201cSocial capital, knowledge, and the international growth of technology-based new firms\u201d, International Business Review , Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 279-304.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-5931(01)00061-0"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b80","unstructured":"*Youndt, M.A. and Snell, S.A. (2004), \u201cHuman resource configurations, intellectual capital, and organizational performance\u201d, Journal of Managerial Issues , Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 337-360."},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Youndt, M.A. , Subramaniam, M. and Snell, S.A. (2004), \u201cIntellectual capital profiles: an examination of investments and returns\u201d, Journal of Management Studies , Vol. 41 No. 2, pp. 335-361.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2004.00435.x"},{"key":"key2020122301233278800_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zack, M.H. (1999), \u201cDeveloping a knowledge strategy\u201d, California Management Review , Vol. 41 No. 3, pp. 125-145.","DOI":"10.2307\/41166000"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intellectual Capital"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/JIC-01-2015-0002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JIC-01-2015-0002\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JIC-01-2015-0002\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:35:11Z","timestamp":1753392911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jic\/article\/16\/3\/518-565\/211269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JIC-01-2015-0002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jic-01-2015-0002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-1930"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-1930","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]]}}}