{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:22:51Z","timestamp":1754155371581,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]],"date-time":"2017-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JICES"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A survey of the attitudes of students in eight countries towards the revelations of mass surveillance by the US\u2019 NSA and the UK\u2019s GCHQ has been described in an introductory paper and seven country-specific papers (The People\u2019s Republic of China and Taiwan are combined in a single paper). This paper aims to present a comparison of the results from these countries and draws conclusions about the similarities and differences noted.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A questionnaire was deployed in Germany, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, The People\u2019s Republic of China, Spain, Sweden and Taiwan. The original survey was in English, translated into German, Japanese and Chinese for relevant countries. The survey consists of a combination of Likert scale, Yes\/no and free-text responses. The results are quantitatively analysed using appropriate statistical tools and the qualitative answers are interpreted (including, where appropriate, consolidated into quantitative results).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There are significant differences between respondents in the countries surveyed with respect to their general privacy attitudes and their willingness to follow Snowden\u2019s lead, even where they believe his actions served the public good.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Owing to resource limitations, only university students were surveyed. In some countries (Germany and New Zealand), the relatively small number of respondents limits the ability to make meaningful statistical comparisons between respondents from those countries and from elsewhere on some issues.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Snowden\u2019s actions are generally seen as laudable and having had positive results, among the respondents surveyed. Such results should give pause to governments seeking to expand mass surveillance by government entities.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title content-type=\"abstract-subheading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There have been few surveys regarding attitudes to Snowden\u2019s revelations, despite the significant press attention and political actions that have flowed from it. The context of attitudes to both the actions he revealed and the act of revelation itself is useful in constructing political and philosophical arguments about the balance between surveillance activity for state security and the privacy of individual citizens.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/jices-03-2017-0016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]],"date-time":"2017-06-28T07:25:41Z","timestamp":1498634741000},"page":"311-327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Following Snowden around the World"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yasunori","family":"Fukuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yohko","family":"Orito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Lara Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"key2020120608020722500_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-009-0228-z","article-title":"The Japanese sense of information privacy","volume":"24","year":"2009","journal-title":"AI and Society"},{"volume-title":"Snowden","year":"2016","key":"key2020120608020722500_ref002"},{"key":"key2020120608020722500_ref003","unstructured":"Desilver, D. 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(2014), \u201cPublic perceptions of privacy and security in the post-Snowden era\u201d, available at: www.pewinternet.org\/2014\/11\/12\/public-privacy-perceptions\/ (accessed 21 March 2017)."},{"issue":"3","key":"key2020120608020722500_ref010","article-title":"Following Snowden: a cross-cultural study on the social impact of Snowden\u2019s revelations","volume":"15","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2020120608020722500_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-010-9222-y","article-title":"Likert scales, levels of measurement and the \u2018laws\u2019 of statistics","volume":"15","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advances in Health Sciences Education"},{"volume-title":"Citizenfour","year":"2014","key":"key2020120608020722500_ref012"},{"key":"key2020120608020722500_ref013","unstructured":"Rainie, L. and Madden, M. (2015), \u201cAmericans\u2019 privacy strategies post-Snowden\u201d, available at: www.pewinternet.org\/2015\/03\/16\/Americans-Privacy-Strategies-Post-Snowden\/ (accessed 19 April 2017)."},{"volume-title":"Nothing to Hide: The False Tradeoff between Privacy and Security","year":"2011","key":"key2020120608020722500_ref014"}],"container-title":["Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JICES-03-2017-0016\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/JICES-03-2017-0016\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T21:38:15Z","timestamp":1753393095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jices\/article\/15\/3\/311-327\/215198"}},"subtitle":["International comparison of attitudes to Snowden\u2019s revelations about the NSA\/GCHQ"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/JICES-03-2017-0016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jices-03-2017-0016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1477-996X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1477-996X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]]}}}